The Economic Development of Sheffield and the Growth of the Town cl740-cl820 Neville Flavell PhD The Division of Adult Continuing Education University of Sheffield February 1996 Volume Two PART TWO THE GROWTH OF THE TOWN <2 6 ?- ti.«» *• 3 ^ 268 CHAPTER 14 EXPANSION FROM 1736 IGOSLING) TO 1771 (FAIRBANKS THE TOWN IN 1736 Sheffield in Gosling's 1736 plan was small and relatively compact. Apart from a few dozen houses across the River Dun at Bridgehouses and in the Wicker, and a similar number at Parkhill, the whole of the built-up area was within a 600 yard radius centred on the Old Church.1 Within that brief radius the most northerly development was that at Bower Lane (Gibraltar), and only a limited incursion had been made hitherto into Colson Crofts (the fields between West Bar and the river). On the western and north-western edges there had been development along Hollis Croft and White Croft, and to a lesser degree along Pea Croft and Lambert Knoll (Scotland). To the south-west the building on the western side of Coalpit Lane was over the boundary in Ecclesall, but still a recognisable part of the town.2 To the south the gardens and any buildings were largely confined by the Park wall which kept Alsop Fields free of dwellings except for the ingress along the northern part of Pond Lane. The Rivers Dun and Sheaf formed a natural barrier on the east and north-east, and the low-lying Ponds area to the south-east was not ideal for house construction. Small in area as it was, Sheffield town housed upwards of 10,000 people and was growing. The major landowner by far was the lord of the manor, the Duke of Norfolk. He held some or all property in more than twenty streets within the radius discussed above.3 In addition to this, he owned huge tracts on all sides of the town, including Alsop Fields, the Ponds, the whole of the Park and land adjacent to Sheffield Moor to the south and east, Carver Field, Bailey Field and part of White Croft to the west, the whole of the Colson Crofts to the north, and more land across the River Dun at Bridgehouses and in the Wicker (both in Brightside Bierlow).4 Manorial influence, although in decline because of near permanent absence of successive incumbents, was further exercised The present Anglican Cathedral. Gosling gives the impression that the boundary ran behind the built-up part of Coalpit Lane, rather than in the street. See WRRD RR 559 723, TT 37 59, AB 706 868 etc. ACM S377 and S378 Lease Books. From the Land Tax Assessments of 1785 (WYAS 13/16/36) it is evident that the Duke then owned some forty per cent of all houses in Sheffield, including the Park. It was probably not so different at the time of Gosling (See Graph 1.4) 269 through considerable residual power at local level and in Parliament.5 For example, both manor court and market continued to be held under estate jurisdiction up to the late Victorian era, and original proposals for the Dun Navigation early in the eighteenth century and for the Tinsley to Sheffield Canal at its end were negated by the Norfolk veto. In addition to these aspects, the Duke was landlord not only of a majority of riverside sites - wheels, tilts and forges, com, snuff and paper mills, Silk/Cotton Mill and Lead Mill, but also of coal mines, quarries, brickyards, tanyards, plated manufactories and hundreds of smithies and workshops. Hence his potential influence on the workings of local industry was enormous. Conversely, any form of severe restriction or undue control might well have had unfortunate repercussions. Industrial properties provided very valuable annual rental income which helped raise totals for Sheffield Manor from just under £6000 in 1739 and 1740, to more than £10,000 by 1769, and to an average of c£ 16500 from 1795 to 1800.6 Whereas urban house parcels typically attracted rents in shillings, and two large buildings in the Market Place were £12 in 1745, the Silk Mill paid £55-10-0 in 1763, the former Fell forges and furnace £106 with a £500 fine in 1766, and the Lead Mill plus a few acres of land £78 in 1774.7 Not surprisingly, relatively few examples of interference are to be found. Samuel Smith was forbidden to bum bricks on the parcel where he had liberty to get clay in Colson Crofts (1738/1739); Parker Wheels could not be converted into a tilt (1739/1740); and Wilson's tilt near Lady's Bridge could not be altered without consent (1772).8 In contrast, at least three major industrial projects gained from tacit estate support in their early years: clear encouragement was offered to the proprietors of both Silk Mill and Proctor's Steam Wheel when no lease was contracted until building was completed, and Kenyon & Co. at Pond Forge had a 28 year term with an £11 rent for seven years and £25 for the remainder.9 In anticipation of industrial or other development, a very small number of leases had clauses permitting the Duke to recover land at any time in return for compensation.10 As most were "at will" or for twenty-one D. Hey: The Fiery Blades o f Hallamshire: Sheffield and its Neighbourhood 1660-1740 (Leicester) 1991 pp57-60 ACM S158 ACM S377 fl 80, S378 f294, S379 04, S380 f59 These can be compared with 100+ acre farms in the Park at £90-£100 (S381 ffl 10 & 221). ibid S377 ff53 & 106; S380 f25 ibid S378 £294 (1763), S379 f9 (1765) & S383 fl56 (1792) 10 ibid S377ff54& 108(1739) 270 years until the 1770's, it may be that such forethought was largely unnecessary." Other landholders of importance were the Twelve Capital Burgesses or Church Burgesses who held the five acre undeveloped parcel between Coalpit Lane and Pinson Lane, most of a similarly sized parcel north of Barker’s Pool called Brelsforth's Orchard or Croft12, the one and a half acre Wade's Orchard13 between Campo Lane and West Bar, and numerous lesser pieces in some twenty streets.14 Besides these holdings, the Burgesses had considerable acreages to the west of the built-up area in Townfield15, at Skargell Knowle16, in and around Broad Lane17, at Leavy Greave18, and in the Blacklands on Little Sheffield Moor.19 The Town Trustees had rather less in terms of acres, but still held property in more than fifteen town streets, with substantial holdings in West Bar Green, Broad Lane End, Town Head and up to Pinfold Lane, in Webster Field,20 in Balm Green and Barker's Pool, and from Waingate and Castle Green to an area known as Under-the-Water (between the Town Mill and Lady's Bridge).21 Three other institutional landholders administered property in Sheffield. Hollis Hospital Trustees had houses in Hollis Street, formerly Creswick Close, with a three acre undeveloped site at Brockohill a little to the west,22 their hospital at the bottom of Snig Hill and nearby property in Water Lane. Shrewsbury Hospital Trustees held both Jeffrey Crofts (about two acres in all) and Hickstile Field23 which lay to the north of Campo Lane, with the Crofts straddling Workhouse Lane. And the Church authorities controlled the Glebe or Vicarage Croft to the west of the Old Church.24 A 99 year Norfolk lease of land at Castle Orchards in 1787 (S381 ff26/27) anticipated repossession for construction of a canal and wharf, but again appears to have been a rarity. 5 Later Orchard Street, Orchard Lane and Smith Street. Subsequently North Street and Queen Street. CB 1634 Later Trinity Street. Afterwards Scotland Street Together with Pitt Field (later Red Hill) and parts of the eventual Solly Street, Edward Street and Upper Allen Street. Including the later named Glossop Road and Portobello. Much later Wellington Street and Trafalgar Street. Afterwards Queen Street. MD 49 Iff (Rentals from 1720) and TT 39 Lease Book WRRD CR 252 392 Later parts of Edward Street and Solly Street. Parts of these subsequently the site of Paradise Square. 271 All remaining land was freehold in the hands of numerous individuals, most of whom owned small plots only.25 There were exceptions: Thomas Handley of Hall Carr and Edmund Lambert of Manchester had developed Pea Croft and Lambert Croft respectively, and William Hawley held the largely built-up Hawley Croft, inherited from his father Joseph.26 Samuel Shore owned Gosnock Hall estate near the Irish Cross, much of it composed of gardens, and John Jennings several acres at Stubb Greave (Portobello) along with six more acres a little further to the north-west at Hacker or Hawker Storths (Jericho) as well as houses in High Street.27 John Spooner, cutler, of the Farm held Beanfield alias West Bar Close or Spooner Croft just south of West Bar Green, and the Woodrove family had houses in High Street and six acres at Brockobank on the western fringe of the town, as well as considerable property in the district, much of which came into the hands of John Parker of Woodthorpe.28 Joseph Broadbent, merchant, and John Turner, mercer, were in the process of building their respective holdings, although most of their purchases of both leasehold and freehold property came in the later 1730's and early 1740's. Land ownership among freeholders and leaseholders at the time of Gosling, therefore, was not at all static. Nor was the building process. Inevitably, the 1736 Plan of Sheffield freezes in time an expanding town with its ongoing development.