SOUTHERN AFRICAN Centre for Defence and Security Management Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung University of the Witwatersrand Mozambique Ofce SOUTHERN AFRICAN SECURITY REVIEW SECURITY REVIEW SOUTHERN AFRICAN SECURITY REVIEW 2017 2017 This version of the SASR focuses on the state of politics, governance and security in Southern Africa; a theme explored during the 2016 Dialogue conference jointly convened by the Southern African Defence and Security Management (SADSEM) and the Mozambique ofce the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES) in Maputo, Mozambique. Discussions refected on the true nature of insecurity in the SADC region and how the demands of sovereignty and national interest afect the attainment of positive peace 2017 within the SADC region. This book is a compilation of these debates and is structured into three parts that lend coherence to the fow of analysis and demarcate its various thematic components. The frst part highlights the intersection of politics and economics in the appreciation of peace, security, and development. The second probes some of the key actors and institutions that have played prominent roles in shaping the discourses and policy engagement with regional security issues. In the last section, authors provide detailed analysis of some of the countries that have, alone or with regional institutions, grappled with balancing governance, human development, and security imperatives. Contributors to this volume are linked to the SADSEM network, an association of eleven Edited by Gilbert Khadiagala and Dimpho Deleglise tertiary institutions, which seeks to contribute to peace and security in the region by strengthening the democratic management of its defence forces and other security organs. SADSEM and the FES Mozambique ofce host the Maputo Dialogue on an annual basis. The conference is organized as a policy and practitioner’s workshop on regional security, and it produces the SASR as a knowledge and research product on enhancing peace and security in the SADC region. Edited by Gilbert Khadiagala and Dimpho Deleglise Cover Art Painting: Sibuy eMarikana (we are coming from Marikana) Asanda Kupa (b. 1981) grounds his work in the experiences of those forced to the periphery of ´New South Africa´. Born in Molteno in the Eastern Cape, South Africa´s poorest province, his art seeks to highlight lives and livelihoods that are defined by constant struggle and by lack of access to basic resources. The work ´Sibuy eMarikana´ depicts the main message that Asanda seeks to deliver through his work, capturing the self-determining spirit of his people, as well as grassroots frustrations and hopes around achieving a political regime that supports and values its people. Asanda Kupa lives in Johannesburg and works from his studio at the Bag Factory. He has exhibited in multiple exhibitions and art fairs in South Africa and internationally, and is represented by Guns & Rain. Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Centre for Defence and Security Management University of the Witwatersrand SOUTHERN AFRICAN SECURITY REVIEW 2017 Edited by Gilbert Khadiagala and Dimpho Deleglise SOUTHERN AFRICAN SECURITY REVIEW Jointly published in October 2018 by: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Mozambique Office Av. Tomás Nduda 1313 Caixa Postal 3694 Maputo, Mozambique Telf.: (00 258) 21 49 12 31 [email protected] www.fes-mozambique.org The Centre for Defence and Security Management Graduate School of Public and Development Management University of the Witwatersrand 2 St David’s Place, Parktown Johannesburg, South Africa Tel.:(0027) 11 717 3520 https://www.wits.ac.za/wsg/ Commercial use of all media published by the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES) is not permitted without the written consent. This publication may be quoted, and short extracts used, provided the source is fully acknowledged. The views expressed in this publication are not necessarily those of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. Design and layout by: Arte de Gema, Lda Printed by: Ciedima, SARL ISBN: 978-989-54223-0-2 Table of contents About the authors 5 Foreword 11 Introduction 13 Democratic governance, human development and regional integration in Southern Africa 13 Gilbert M. Khadiagala Part One: Framing the Political Economy of Governance and Security 39 Perspectives on the political economy of conflicts in SADC 41 André du Pisani Combating illicit financial flows out of Africa 55 Reboile Mathabe Part Two: Regional and Continental Actors in Governance and Security 71 Optimizing African peacebuilding: Lessons from SADC- AU Relations 73 Siphamandla Zondi Making the African peace and security architecture fit for purpose 89 Jide Martyns Okeke The threat of international terrorism to the SADC region 105 Richard Iroanya Part Three: Country Case Studies 123 To reform or disband? The future role of the military in Lesotho 125 Dimpho Deleglise and Mafa Sejanamane A success story gone wrong? Reflections on renewed conflict in Mozambique 145 Colin Darch Illegal mining and insecurity in the Democratic Republic of Congo 173 Cyril Musila About the authors Professor Gilbert M. Khadiagala heads the African Centre for the Study of the United States (ACSUS) at the University of the Witwatersrand, and teaches and specializes in African international relations, conflict management and resolution in the university’s International Relations department. He has published on politics and security in Southern and eastern Africa, the Great Lakes and the Horn of Africa. He has written widely on mediation of African conflicts, Kenyan politics, and governance and leadership in Africa. Professor Siphamandla Zondi heads the Department of Political Sciences at the, University of Pretoria. He was the Executive Director of the Institute for Global Dialogue (IGD) from 2009 to 2016. His intellectual interests lie in the area of Africa’s international relations, African political thought, decolonization and transformation. He is the current editor of the Latin American Report journal and is on editorial boards of several international journals. His recent co-edited book is titled ‘Decolonizing the university, knowledge systems and disciplines in Africa’. He is a passionate mentor of young thought leaders and activists. Dr. Dimpho Deleglise (née Motsamai) is an Independent Consultant and a research fellow with the Southern Africa Trust, with over 10 years of experience in research and publications, project management and cross- disciplinary work. She was previously with the Institute for Security Studies (ISS) as a senior researcher focusing on the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region and has published widely on the efficacy of SADC as a security actor as well as political development across SADC member states. Dr. Cyril Musila is a lecturer of African conflict and peace research at the Catholic University of Paris and an associate fellow with the French Institute for International Relations (Institut Français des Relations Internationals). He leads the Department of Strategic Research at the College of Higher Studies in Strategy and Defence in Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of Congo. He has worked for the African Union Borders programme as an expert and has served as a technical consultant for the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa. Dr. Jide Martyns Okeke is a fellow with Harvard University and a senior consultant for the United Nations Development Programme. He served as the Head of Policy Development at the African Union Commission’s Peace Support Operations Division, overseeing policies and guidelines for the deployment of peace support operations in Mali, Central African Republic, Somalia and the Lake Chad Basin. He has published widely on peace and security issues in Africa. Professor André du Pisani is a scholar, policy analyst and poet with over 40 years of teaching and research experience. He currently teaches Politics at the Department of Political and Administrative Studies at the University of Namibia. He has a renowned interest in Namibia’s political history and development, and has published prolifically on Namibia’s political history during the course of his career. Ms. Reboile Mathabe is the Chief Executive Officer of the Umlambo Foundation and has a keen interest in the political economy of the African continent. She has previously worked at NEPAD, the South African Broadcasting Service and the Thabo Mbeki Foundation. She holds a BA (International Relations) and honours degrees in international politics and media studies. She is currently completing her Masters degree in public management at the University of the Witwatersrand’s School of Governance. Dr. Colin Darch holds honorary research positions at the Human Sciences Research Council, the Democratic Governance and Rights Unit and the Centre for African Studies at the University of Cape Town. Over a forty- year career he has been employed at universities and research centres in Ethiopia, Tanzania, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, and Brazil. Between 1979 and 1987 he worked at the Centro de Estudos Africanos, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane. After his retirement, in 2016 he was a visiting professor at the Universidade Federal de Pernamuco in Brazil, and in 2017 taught at the Universidade Pedagógica in Lhanguene, Maputo. He is the author of various works on African and Mozambican history. Southern African Security Review Southern African 6 Professor Mafa Sejanamane is the Ambassador of the Kingdom of Lesotho to the African Union Commission. He served as professor of political science at the National University of Lesotho and has published several books