Family: Papaveraceae Taxon: Bocconia frutescens Synonym: Bocconia integrifolia Bonpl. Common Name: Plume poppy Bocconia frutescens var. cernua Moc. & Sessé Tree poppy Bocconia glauca Salisb. bocconia Bocconia pearcei Hutch. parrotweed Bocconia quercifolia Moench Bocconia sinuatifolia Stokes Bocconia subtomentosa L'Hér. ex Stahl Questionaire : current 20090513 Assessor: Chuck Chimera Designation: H(Hawai'i) Status: Assessor Approved Data Entry Person: Chuck Chimera WRA Score 18 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? y=1, n=-1 103 Does the species have weedy races? y=1, n=-1 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If island is primarily wet habitat, then (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appendix 2) 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High high) (See Appendix 2) 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y 204 Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates y=1, n=0 y 205 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 n 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see y Appendix 2), n= question 205 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see y Appendix 2) 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see y Appendix 2) 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic y=1, n=0 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 y 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens y=1, n=0 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n Print Date: 2/7/2011 Bocconia frutescens (Papaveraceae) Page 1 of 8 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 y 410 Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) y=1, n=0 y 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 y 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n 504 Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) y=1, n=0 n 601 Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat y=1, n=0 n 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally y=1, n=-1 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 n 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, >3 4+ years = -1 701 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked y=1, n=-1 areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 n 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 y 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 y 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 y 802 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) y=1, n=-1 y 803 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1 y 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 y 805 Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) y=-1, n=1 n Designation: H(Hawai'i) WRA Score 18 Print Date: 2/7/2011 Bocconia frutescens (Papaveraceae) Page 2 of 8 Supporting Data: 101 1999. Wagner, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. No evidence Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition.. University of Hawai‘i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. 102 2011. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 103 2011. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 201 1999. Wagner, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. "Native range: Central and South America, West Indies." Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition.. University of Hawai‘i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. 202 1999. Wagner, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. "Native range: Central and South America, West Indies." Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition.. University of Hawai‘i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. 203 2008. Magnuson, B.L/Kimball, L.D.. A field guide "Altitude: 100-3200 m, usually above 700 m " [broad elevational range >1000 m] to plants of Costa Rica. Oxford University Press US, New York, NY 203 2009. Francis, J.K.. Wildland Shrubs of the "In Puerto Rico, it grows in subtropical dry forest along streams (750 to 1000 United States & its Territories: Thamnic mm/year precipitation), in subtropical moist forest (1000 to 2000 mm/year Descriptions General Technical Report IITF-WB- precipitation), and in subtropical wet forests (2000 to 3000 mm/year 1. U.S.D.A. Forest Service Internation Institute of precipitation). In Nicaragua, the species grows even in the cloud forests (Stevens Tropical Forestry, and others 2001). In Puerto Rico, pan cimarrón is most common along streams, http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/wildland_shrubs.ht road cuts, and landslides." m 204 1999. Wagner, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. "Native range: Central and South America, West Indies." Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised edition.. University of Hawai‘i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. 205 2005. CAB International. Forestry Compendium. No evidence CAB International, Wallingford, UK 301 1999. Wagner, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. "Naturalized in disturbed sites, especially along roadsides, 550-920 m, in dry Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised forest on Maui and mesic forest on Hawaii. " edition.. University of Hawai‘i Press and Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. 301 2000. Grey-Wilson, C.. Poppies: a guide to the "This species has become naturalized in Java" poppy family in the wild and in cultivation. Timber Press, Portland, OR 302 1999. Wagner, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. "Naturalized in disturbed sites, especially along roadsides, 550-920 m, in dry Manual of the flowering plants of Hawaii. Revised forest on Maui and mesic forest on Hawaii." [a disturbance weed with edition.. University of Hawai‘i Press and Bishop environmental impacts. See 3.04] Museum Press, Honolulu, HI. 303 2003. Motooka, P./Castro, L./Nelson, D./Nagai, "Because bocconia is able to flourish in a broad range of environmental G./Ching,L.. Weeds of Hawaii's Pastures and conditions and along a large elevational gradient within its home range it appears Natural Areas: An Identification and Management to have the potential to invade native and non-native habitats in dry and mesic Guide. CTAHR, UH Manoa, Honolulu, HI environments in Hawai‘i. Given its potential to reach tree-sized stature and its http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/invweed/weedsHi.htm ability to form thick stands, bocconia is expected to be a serious competitor with l native or other desirable species. In the Wood Valley area of Hawaii, bocconia quickly spread from one landscape planting near to occupy in excess of 3,500 acres of abandoned cane land. This recent population explosion coincides with the demise of active cane farming in the area that allowed bocconia to reach maturity and rapidly increase its range. Bocconia is now considered a major weed in small agricultural lots in the area. On Maui, bocconia has been observed at 5800' elevation. Art Medeiros (U.S. Geological Survey) considers bocconia to be one of the most threatening weeds in the Kanaio Natural Area Reserve" 303 2011. USDA NRCS. Hawaii State-listed Noxious Listed as a Hawaii State Noxious Weed Weeds. http://plants.usda.gov/java/noxious?rptType=Stat e&statefips=15 Print Date: 2/7/2011 Bocconia frutescens (Papaveraceae) Page 3 of 8 304 2003. Motooka, P./Castro, L./Nelson, D./Nagai, "Because bocconia is able to flourish in a broad range of environmental G./Ching,L.. Weeds of Hawaii's Pastures and conditions and along a large elevational gradient within its home range it appears Natural Areas: An Identification and Management to have the potential to invade native and non-native habitats in dry and mesic Guide. CTAHR, UH Manoa, Honolulu, HI environments in Hawai‘i. Given its potential to reach tree-sized stature and its http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/invweed/weedsHi.htm ability to form thick stands, bocconia is expected to be a serious competitor with l native or other desirable species. In the Wood Valley area of Hawaii, bocconia quickly spread from one landscape planting near to occupy in excess of 3,500 acres of abandoned cane land. This recent population explosion coincides with the demise of active cane farming in the area that allowed bocconia to reach maturity and rapidly increase its range. Bocconia is now considered a major weed in small agricultural lots in the area. On Maui, bocconia has been observed at 5800' elevation.