ERITREA EDUCATION SECTOR ANALYSIS DECEMBER 2017 ERITREA EDUCATION SECTOR ANALYSIS DECEMBER 2017 1 MAP OF ERITREA NB: This map is solely for the purpose of indicating the location of the administrative regions (zobas) 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS ERITREA EDUCATION SECTOR .......................................................................................................... 2 ANALYSIS ................................................................................................................................................. 1 Table of Contents .................................................................................................................................. 3 LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................................................. 12 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ........................................................................................... 19 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................................... 25 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 25 CHAPTER 1 ............................................................................................................................................. 32 CONTEXT OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE EDUCATION SECTOR...................................... 32 Literacy Status .................................................................................................................................... 35 Nutrition .............................................................................................................................................. 35 Disability ............................................................................................................................................. 36 Infant and Maternal Mortality Rate .................................................................................................... 36 1.1.3 Prevalence and Incidence of HIV/AIDS and Malaria................................................................ 37 1.1.4 Linguistic Context ...................................................................................................................... 38 1.1.5 Humanitarian Context ................................................................................................................. 38 1.2.1 GDP and GDP Per Capita Trends............................................................................................... 39 1.2.2 Government Expenditure on Education ..................................................................................... 39 1.2.3 Actual Spending on Education ................................................................................................... 40 1.2.4 Contributions from Other Sources .............................................................................................. 41 CHAPTER 2 ............................................................................................................................................. 42 ENROLMENT, INTERNAL EFFICIENCY AND OUT-OF-SCHOOL ............................................ 42 CHILDREN ......................................................................................................................................... 42 SECTION 2.1: THE EVOLUTION OF ENROLMENT AND EDUCATION SYSTEM ENROLMENT CAPACITY ................................................................................................................ 42 2.1.1 THE EVOLUTION OF ENROLMENT .................................................................................... 42 Pre-primary Level ............................................................................................................................... 42 Primary Level...................................................................................................................................... 43 Middle School Level ........................................................................................................................... 45 Secondary Level.................................................................................................................................. 46 2.1.5 All levels Gross enrolment, GER, and NER by Zoba (Region) ................................................. 47 SECTION 2.2: SCHOOL COVERAGE: SCHOOLING PROFILES, SCHOOL LIFE EXPECTANCY AND EDUCATION PYRAMIDS ........................................................................... 48 2.2.1 Schooling Profiles and Retention............................................................................................... 48 2.2.2 School Life expectancy .............................................................................................................. 51 2.2.3 Education Pyramids .................................................................................................................... 54 SECTION 2.3: THE SUPPLY AND DEMAND ISSUES ON ACCESS AND RETENTION .......... 55 2.3.1 Access –Related Supply and Demand ........................................................................................ 55 Levels of awareness and value to education ........................................................................................ 55 3 Household Poverty .............................................................................................................................. 56 Pre-Primary Education ........................................................................................................................ 56 Primary and Lower Secondary Education .......................................................................................... 56 Socio Cultural Beliefs and Practices ................................................................................................... 57 Scattered villages and Settlements ...................................................................................................... 57 Late entry and Enrolment in school .................................................................................................... 57 Availability of Schools and Classrooms ............................................................................................. 58 Distance of School from home ........................................................................................................... 60 Supply of Teachers ............................................................................................................................. 60 2.3.2 Retention – Related Supply and Demand Child Marriage ......................................................... 61 Nomadic – Semi Nomadic Life Style of communities ....................................................................... 62 Child work and Apprenticeships ......................................................................................................... 63 Disability ............................................................................................................................................. 63 School Environment and Infrastructure .............................................................................................. 64 Availability of Educational Facilities and Materials .......................................................................... 65 2.3.3 Bottleneck Analysis .................................................................................................................... 65 SECTION 2.4: INTERNAL EFFICIENCY ....................................................................................... 67 2.4.1 Repetition.................................................................................................................................... 67 2.4.2 Internal Efficiency Coefficient .................................................................................................. 71 SECTION 2.5: OUT-OF-SCHOOL CHILDREN ............................................................................... 72 2.5.1 Estimation of the Share and Number of Out-of-School ............................................................. 72 2.5.2 Who are the Out-of-School Children? ........................................................................................ 78 CHAPTER 3 ............................................................................................................................................. 80 COST AND FINANCING .................................................................................................................. 80 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 80 SECTION 3.1: PUBLIC EDUCATION SPENDING ......................................................................... 81 3.1.1 Government Spending ................................................................................................................ 81 3.1.2 Allocation by Sub-sector ............................................................................................................ 82 3.1.2.1 Recurrent Expenditure ............................................................................................................ 82 3.1.2.2 Development (Project) Expenditure ....................................................................................... 82 3.1.3 Evolution of Public Spending by Type of Spending: MOE Expenditure