Research PEREIRA, MVM; ALEXANDRE, MAV; CHAVES, ALR; SOUZA, ACO; BERNACCI, LC; NAGAI, A; SANTOS, DYAC; DUARTE, LML. 2021. Endemic Atlantic Forest species of Caryophyllales as inhibitors of viral infection in zucchini. Horticultura Brasileira 39:146-154. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/ s0102-0536-20210204 Endemic Atlantic Forest species of Caryophyllales as inhibitors of viral infection in zucchini Marcos Vinicius M Pereira 1 ID; Maria Amélia V Alexandre 1 ID; Alexandre Levi R Chaves 1 ID; Ana Cláudia O de Souza 2 ID; Luís Carlos Bernacci 2 ID; Alice Nagai 3 ID; Déborah Yara AC dos Santos 3 ID; Lígia Maria L Duarte 1 ID 1Instituto Biológico (IB), São Paulo-SP, Brasil; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; ligia. [email protected]; 2Instituto Agronômico de Campinas (IAC), Campinas-SP, Brasil; [email protected]; [email protected]; 3Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo-SP, Brasil; [email protected]; [email protected] ABSTRACT RESUMO In Brazil, zucchini (Cucurbita pepo) is a socioeconomically Espécies de Caryophyllales endêmicas da Mata Atlântica important vegetable affected by damage caused primarily by zucchini como inibidoras de infecção viral em abobrinha-de-moita yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV). Although the occurrence of cucumber No Brasil, a abobrinha-de-moita (Cucurbita pepo L.) é uma mosaic virus (CMV) is less frequent, in C. pepo ‘Caserta’ plants it olerícola de importância socioeconômica que tem sofrido prejuízos can cause symptoms such as mottle, mosaic, leaf and fruit distortion, crescentes, devido principalmente aos danos causados pela infecção as well as reduced plant development. To minimize the damage, the pelo zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV). Embora a ocorrência do most widely used management technique is the preventive, albeit cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) seja menos frequente, em plantas de C. inefficient, application of insecticides, aimed at controlling aphids, pepo ‘Caserta’ ele pode causar sintomas como mosqueado, mosaico, the vectors of this virus. Thus, the search for more effective and distorção de folhas e frutos, além de redução do desenvolvimento das less environmentally harmful control methods has been the target plantas. Para minimizar o prejuízo, a medida de manejo mais utilizada of investigations. The purpose of the present study was to assess é a aplicação preventiva, porém ineficiente, de inseticidas, visando the action of the extracts of four native Caryophyllales species, as ao controle da população de afídeos, vetores desses vírus. Assim, a inhibitors of infection by CMV and ZYMV in C. pepo, in addition busca por formas de controle ambientalmente menos danosas tem to evaluating the possible induced resistance in this species. sido alvo de investigação. Este estudo visou avaliar a ação de extratos Fresh leaf extracts (LEs) of Guapira opposita, Pisonia ambigua foliares de espécies nativas de Caryophyllales, como inibidoras (Nyctaginaceae), Gallesia integrifolia and Seguieria langsdorffii da infecção pelo CMV e ZYMV em C. pepo e como indutoras de (Phytolaccaceae), previously assessed in the tobacco mosaic virus resistência. Extratos de folhas frescas (EFs) de Guapira opposita, / Nicotiana glutinosa pathosystem, were submitted to progressive Pisonia ambigua (Nyctaginaceae), Gallesia integrifolia e Seguieria dilutions sprayed on cotyledonary C. pepo leaves 30 min before langsdorffii (Phytolaccaceae), previamente avaliados no patossistema inoculation with CMV and ZYMV. Leaf extracts of G. integrifolia tobacco mosaic virus / Nicotiana glutinosa, foram submetidos a did not induce inhibition in any of the pathosystems assessed. diluições progressivas e pulverizados em folhas cotiledonares de Guapira opposita LEs inhibited the infection of plants inoculated C. pepo, 30 min antes da inoculação com o CMV e ZYMV. EFs with ZYMV below 50% but inhibited CMV infection by 70% at a de G. integrifolia não induziram qualquer inibição em nenhum dos concentration of 1:40. Given that leaf extracts of P. ambigua and S. patossistemas. EFs de G. opposita induziram inibição da infecção das langsdorffiiinduced high percentage inhibition, evident in the number plantas inoculadas com o ZYMV inferior a 50%. Na concentração of asymptomatic plants and confirmed by serological tests, these de 1:40, inibiu a infecção das plantas pelo CMV em 70%. Como species were selected to assess induced resistance in pre-treatment os extratos foliares de P. ambigua e S. langsdorffii induziram altas experiments. The LEs were efficient in inhibiting ZYMV and CMV porcentagens de inibição, essas espécies foram selecionadas para infection in C. pepo when applied up to 48 h before inoculation. The avaliação de indução de resistência, em experimentos de pré- LEs of S. langsdorffii and G. opposita, also tested for this system, tratamentos. Os EFs inibiram a infecção de ZYMV e CMV em C. were efficient when applied up to 72 h before CMV inoculation. pepo, quando aplicados até 48 h antes da inoculação. Os EFs de S. The LEs can be prepared from dry leaves and maintained at -20°C langsdorffiie G. opposita, também testada para esse sistema, foram for at least three years, conserving their inhibitory activity. These eficientes quando aplicados até 72 h antes da inoculação do CMV. results expand the possibilities for producers and consumers alike Constatou-se que os EFs podem ser preparados a partir de folhas in the sustainable management of the main zucchini viruses, without secas e mantidos a -20°C por, pelo menos três anos, conservando a damaging the environment. sua atividade inibidora. Esses resultados expandem as possibilidades de manejo das principais viroses da abobrinha-de-moita, de maneira sustentável, sem causar danos ao ambiente, aos produtores e aos consumidores. Keywords: Cucurbita pepo, Cucumovirus, Potyvirus, alternative Palavras-chave: Cucurbita pepo, Cucumovirus, Potyvirus, controle control, antiviral. alternativo, antiviral. Received on September 21, 2020; accepted on April 6, 2021 146 Horticultura Brasileira 39 (2) April - June, 2021 Endemic Atlantic Forest species of Caryophyllales as inhibitors of viral infection in zucchini ccording to a Brazilian Federal which are often recommended as distortion (Lima, 2011). AOfficial Gazette (DOU) publication, an insect/vector control strategy to Given that insecticide application among the 474 agrochemicals authorized prevent virus infections. This control has proved inefficient in controlling for commercialization, only 40 (8.4%) strategy, however, produces adverse ZYMV and CMV transmission by aphids are classified as biological and legally environmental effects and has been (Eigenbrode et al., 2018), alternative sanctioned as organic agricultural inputs increasingly questioned (Castle et al., methods such as the application of plant (DOU, Act No. 82, November 25, 2009). Unfavorable environmental extracts with inhibitory action against 2019). Given this scenario, Brazil and conditions, in addition to viral diseases viral infection may be a sustainable other countries that import Brazilian and the lack of resistant cultivars, strategy for the zucchini (C. pepo) agricultural products find themselves at have negatively influenced zucchini cultivation. This strategy can minimize a serious impasse since the population production, discouraging farmers from the damage caused by the virus, protects is increasingly consuming healthier maintaining production (Lecoq & Katis, producer health, prevent environmental foods and prioritizing less industrialized 2014). waste, and enable the production products with as few agrochemicals Among the ten virus species reported of healthy foods. In this scenario, as possible. Following this trend, the in cucurbits that can affect Brazilian studies conducted with leaf extracts of United Nations (UN) declared 2020 as zucchini production are zucchini Caryophyllales species have produced the international year of plant health, yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV, family promising results. making agribusiness increasingly Potyviridae, genus Potyvirus) and visible and inducing producers to adopt cucumber mosaic virus (CMV, family Caryophyllales is one of the largest alternative pest and disease control Bromoviridae, genus Cucumovirus) orders of eudicots (APG IV, 2016), with techniques, to guarantee phytosanitary (Lima & Alves, 2011; ICTV, 2017). The approximately 12,500 species distributed and food security, thereby meeting the ZYMV and CMV are non-persistently in 39 families (Hernández-Ledesman et demands of the internal and external transmitted by around 60 aphid species, al., 2015), including Nyctaginaceae consumer market (UN, 2020). which means that the viral particles are and Phytolaccaceae, which contain Despite UN recommendations acquired and transmitted in seconds or species with widely-studied inhibitory (2020), Brazil is one of the world’s minutes, during bite tests, adhering to activity against viral infection due to leading consumers of agrochemicals. the inner tip of the sucking apparatus antiviral proteins (Grasso & Shepherd, São Paulo state reported the highest of aphids (stylets). As such, insecticide 1978; Duarte et al., 2021). In addition number of poisonings over the last application is not an efficient strategy to Bougainvillea spectabilis and ten years, totaling more than 8,000 to prevent viral dispersion in this crop Phytolacca thyrsiflora, which exhibited cases (Tavares et al., 2020). One of (Eigenbrode et al., 2018). excellent results (Noronha et al., 1989; the consequences of this excessive