PRESERVING TRADITION AND UNDERSTANDING THE PAST: Papers from the Conference on Iroquois Research, 2001 –2005 Edited by Christine Sternberg Patrick New York State Museum Record 1 THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK Regents of The University MERRYL H. T ISCH , Chancellor, B.A., M.A., Ed.D. ......................................................................................................... New York MILTON L. C OFIELD , Vice Chancellor, B.S., M.B.A., Ph.D. ............................................................................................ Rochester ROBERT M. B ENNETT , Chancellor Emeritus , B.A., M.S. ................................................................................................. Tonawanda SAUL B. C OHEN , B.A., M.A., Ph.D. ................................................................................................................................ Larchmont JAMES C. D AWSON , A.A., B.A., M.S., Ph.D. .................................................................................................................. Plattsburgh ANTHONY S. B OTTAR , B.A., J.D. ...................................................................................................................................... Syracuse GERALDINE D. C HAPEY , B.A., M.A., Ed.D. ................................................................................................................... Belle Harbor HARRY PHILLIPS , 3rd, B.A., M.S.F.S. .............................................................................................................................. Hartsdale JAMES R. T ALLON , J R., B.A., M.A. .................................................................................................................................. Binghamton ROGER TILLES , B.A., J.D. ................................................................................................................................................. Great Neck KAREN BROOKS HOPKINS , B.A., M.F.A. .......................................................................................................................... Brooklyn CHARLES R. B ENDIT , B.A. ................................................................................................................................................ Manhattan BETTY A. R OSA , B.A., M.S. in Ed., M.S. in Ed., M.Ed., Ed.D. .................................................................................... Bronx LESTER W. Y OUNG , J R., B.S., M.S., Ed.D. ....................................................................................................................... Oakland Gardens CHRISTINE D. C EA , B.A., M.A., Ph.D. ........................................................................................................................... Staten Island WADE S. N ORWOOD , B.A. ............................................................................................................................................... Rochester Commissioner of Education President of The University of the State of New York DAVID M. S TEINER Deputy Commissioner for Cultural Education JEFFREY W. C ANNELL Director of the New York State Museum CLIFFORD A. S IEGFRIED Director, Research and Collections Division JOHN P. H ART The State Education Department does not discriminate on the basis of age, color, religion, creed, disability, marital status, veteran status, national origin, race, gender, genetic predisposition or carrier status, or sexual orientation in its educational programs, services and activities. Portions of this publication can be made available in a variety of formats, including braille, large print, or auto tape, upon request. Inquiries concerning this policy of nondiscrimination should be directed to the Department’s Office for Diversity, Ethics, and Access, Room 530, Education Building, Albany, NY 12234. This publication may be downloaded for personal use only. For information about the publication, contact the Office of Publications, Third Floor, Cultural Education Center, New York State Museum, Albany, NY 12230. ii PRESERVING TRADITION AND UNDERSTANDING THE PAST: Papers from the Conference on Iroquois Research, 2001 –2005 Edited by Christine Sternberg Patrick New York State Museum Record 1 © 2010 The New York State Education Department Published in the United States of America ISSN 2156-6178 ISBN 1-55557-251-0 Front cover: Flat, black nineteenth-century beaded purse. Photo by Dolores Elliott. iv Table of Contents List of Illustrations ........................................................................ vi Preface: Christine Sternberg Patrick ..................................................... ix Introduction: A Brief History of the Conference on Iroquois Research . 1 Barbara Graymont and Christine Sternberg Patrick Chapter 1 Stylistic and Technological Analysis of Ceramic Vessels from the Bailey Site, Onondaga County, New York . 5 Christina B. Rieth and Elizabeth Horton (2004) Chapter 2 The Eldest Medicine: Red Osier Dogwood in Iroquois Folklore and Mythology . 15 Anthony Wonderley (2002) Chapter 3 Iroquois Mourning and Condolence Installation Rituals: A Pattern of Social Integration and Continuity . 25 Denis Foley (2001) Chapter 4 Iroquois Beadwork: A Haudenosaunee Tradition and Art . 35 Dolores Elliott (2002) Chapter 5 Diplomatic Turning Point in the West: The Six Nations and the Ohio Confederacy, 1792–1794 . 49 Timothy D. Willig (2005) Chapter 6 The Haudenosaunee Environmental Protection Process (HEPP): Reinforcing the Three Principles of Goodmindedness, Peacefulness, and Strength to Protect the Natural World . 61 Brenda E. LaFrance and James E. Costello (2005) Chapter 7 The History of Akwesasne: A Collaborative Project . 69 Salli M. Kawennotakie Benedict (2003) Appendix: Presentations at the Conference on Iroquois Research, 2001–2005 . 79 Contributors: ............................................................................ 84 v List of Illustrations Chapter 1 Figure 1.1. The location of the Bailey Site, Onondaga County, New York. 5 Figure 1.2. Rim and body sherds from the Bailey Site, Onondaga County, New York. Collection curated at the New York State Museum, Albany. 6 Table 1.1. Summary of Pottery Types Recovered from the Bailey Site. 7 Table 1.2. Orifice Diameter. 7 Table 1.3. Summary of Lip Shape. 7 Table 1.4. Lip Decoration. 8 Table 1.5. Interior and Exterior Rim Shape. 8 Table 1.6. Collar Heights. 9 Table 1.7. Collar Design. 9 Table 1.8. Collar Base Thickness. 9 Table 1.9. Accelerator Mass Spectrometry dates from the Bailey Site (NYSM #11165). 11 Chapter 2 Figure 2.1. Red willow in winter. Photo by Anthony Wonderley. 16 Chapter 3 Figure 3.1. William Fenton at Six Nations Reserve, Ontario, in front of the council house, October 22, 2000. Photo by Denis Foley. 26 Figure 3.2. Early twentieth-century condolence cane, exact date and origin unknown. This cane serves as a mnemonic for the Roll Call of the Founders. From a private collection, with permission of the owner. Photo by Denis Foley. 27 Figure 3.3. Akwesasne condolence participants and Six Nation Hereditary Chiefs, 2000. Photo courtesy of Joyce King. 27 Figure 3.4. Elder Kenneth Maracle, Cayuga wampum-maker, holding a replica of a two-row wampum belt, at the Iroquois Museum, Howes Cave, New York, 2004. Photo by Denis Foley. 30 Figure 3.5 Johnson Hall (Sir William Johnson Presenting Medals to the Indian Chiefs of the Six Nations at Johnstown, N.Y., 1772) Edward Lamson Henry (1841 –1919), 1903, oil on canvas 21.25 x 37 inches, Albany Institute of History & Art purchase 1993.44. 30 Figure 3.6. Chief Jacob Thomas holding replicas of a two-row wampum belt, left, and a friendship treaty belt, right, at Six Nations Reserve, Ontario, Onondaga Longhouse, 1988. Photo by Denis Foley. 32 Chapter 4 Photos by the Author Table 4.1. Fifty Different Traits in Iroquois Beadwork. 36 Figure 4.1. Two needle cases that illustrate differences in nineteenth-century Mohawk (left) and Niagara (right) beadwork. 35 Figure 4.2. 1903 Mohawk bird purchased by my grandmother. 8.5 x 7.5 inches. In Afton Historical Society collection. 37 Figure 4.3. 1958 heart pincushion purchased at the New York State Fair. Niagara Tradition. 4.5 x 4 inches. 37 Figure 4.4. Four flat, black nineteenth-century purses. Note the four colors in the flowers. Average 7 x 6 inches. 39 Figure 4.5. Front and back of a mid-nineteenth-century Niagara needle case. 2.5 x 4 inches. 40 Figure 4.6. FOX on a BOX purse with 1926 beaded on the end. Note the four basic colors used in the Mohawk Tradition. 40 Figure 4.7. Front and back of an 1850 Niagara pincushion. 3 x 3 inches. 40 Figure 4.8. 1920 Mohawk heart pincushion with a place name. 4.75 x 5 inches. 41 Figure 4.9. 1938 Mohawk SOUVENIR star pincushion. 4.25 x 4.75 inches. 41 Figure 4.10. 1912 Mohawk purse in hot pink, with PIG. 5.25 x 5.25 inches. 41 Figure 4.11. Mohawk boot pincushion with MONTREAL spelled backwards. 5.5 x 4.25 inches. 41 Figure 4.12. Improved Order of the Redmen jacket in the Mohawk Tradition. 35 x 19 inches, 12 x 5 inch chest panels. 42 Figure 4.13. Mohawk purple pincushion, one of most common forms of Mohawk beadwork. 8 x 10 inches. 42 Figure 4.14. Mohawk picture frame with two openings. 8.5 x 9.5 inches. 43 Figure 4.15. 1890s Mohawk boot pincushion, with a close-up of the toe. 8.5 x 6.5 inches. 43 Figure 4.16. Hot pink Mohawk trilobed heart-shaped pincushions. 43 Figure 4.17. 1909 Mohawk match holder, with sprengperlen . 7.75 x 6 inches. 44 vi Figure 4.18. 1990 Niagara GOOD LUCK horseshoe. 6.5 x 6.5 inches . 44 Figure 4.19. Picture frame by Dolly Printup Winden, with a 1931 photo of her grandmother Matilda Hill sitting near her own beadwork. 11 x 9 inches. 44 Figure 4.20. 1840s Niagara pincushion, similar to those collected by Lewis H. Morgan. 4.5 x 4.5 inches. 45 Figure 4.21. 1859 stereoscopic card of Seneca beadworkers at Niagara Falls. William England (183 0–1896), photographer. 45 Figure 4.22. Twenty-first-century model of a beaded tree and mat by Samuel Thomas, Cayuga. 47 Chapter 5 Figure 5.1. “Northwest Territory.” Adapted from Restoring the Chain of Friendship: British Policy and the Indians of the Great Lakes 178 3–1815 by Timothy D. Willig. Courtesy of the University of Nebraska Press. © 2008 by.