CONSTRUCTING PATHWAYS TO TRANSLATION: A STUDY IN TRANSLATION PEDAGOGY AND PROCESS [FROM ENGLISH INTO URDU AND VICE VERSA] PART I By Nighat Shakur NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF MODERN LANGUAGES ISLAMABAD May 2008 ii Constructing Pathways To Translation: A Study in Translation Pedagogy and Process[From English into Urdu and Vice Versa] By Nighat Shakur M. A., International Islamic University, 1998 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILEMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In Linguistics To FACULTY OF ADVANCED INTEGRATED STUDIES AND RESEARCH (English Applied Linguistics) NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF MODERN LANGUAGES ISLAMABAD May 2008 © Nighat Shakur, 2008 iii NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF MODERN LANGUAGES FACULTY OF ADVANCED INTEGRATED STUDIES & RESEARCH THESIS/DISSERTATION AND DEFENCE APPROVAL FORM The undersigned certify that they have read the following thesis, examined the defence, are satisfied with the overall exam performance, and recommend the thesis to the Faculty of Advanced Integrated Studies & Research for acceptance: Thesis/Dissertation Title: Constructing Pathways to Translation: A Study in Translation Pedagogy and Process[From English into Urdu and Vice-Versa_ Submitted By: Nighat Shakur Registration# 027-PhD/Eng/2001(Aug) Doctor of Philosophy_______________ Degree Name in Full (e.g Master of Philosophy. Doctor of Philosophy) English Applied Linguistics ___ Name of Discipline Prof Dr Saeeda Asadullah Khan_ _______________________ Name of Research Supervisor Signature of Research Supervisor Prof Dr Shezra Munawwar ____ ______ Name of Dean (FAISR) Signature of Dean (FAISR) Prof Dr Aziz Ahmed Khan _____ ___________ Name of Rector Signature of Rector __________________ Date iv CANDIDATE DECLARATION FORM I Nighat Shakur Daughter/ Son of Brig(R)Abdul Shakur Malik Registration # 027-Phd/Eng/2001(Aug) Discipline English Applied Linguistics Candidate of Doctor of Philosophy at the National University of Modern Languages do hereby declare that the thesis (Title) Constructing Pathways To Translation: A Study in Translation Pedagogy and Process[from English into Urdu and Vice-Versa Submitted by me in partial fulfillment of MPhil/ PhD degree, is my original work, and has not been submitted or published earlier. I also solemnly declare that it shall not, in future, be submitted by me for obtaining any other degree from this or any other university or institution. I also understand that if evidence of plagiarism is found in my thesis / dissertation at any stage, even after the award of a degree, the work may be cancelled and the degree revoked. May 2008 _____________________________ Date Signature of Candidate Nighat Shakur Name of Candidate v ABSTRACT The study touches upon all the major areas of Translation, with special emphasis on Pedagogy (theories and methods), which is not much known and applied by translators, and where controversies still abound. The research analyses and explores all the theoretical and practical aspects involved in the translation process and various approaches to verge on the text to be translated, both in English and Urdu. The framework for translation has been worked out from multiple and diverse theories and models of translation and text linguistics propounded by various theorists. It has been devised in a linear order, beginning from text types, text descriptions, text linguistics and processing, and ending with text production as translation. The most crucial issue of Equivalence in translation has been analysed and applied, and various strategies, procedures and tactical tools for translation have been suggested. The research also unveils the current state of Urdu translation pedagogy and process in Pakistan, and suggests ways for its improvement in the light of the suggested theoretical matrix. The devised exhaustive pedagogic framework is later applied to the content analysis of four novels and the Questionnaire Survey, so that readers can see them in operation and at the same time help to confirm the reliability and validity of the devised theoretical framework and the recommended strategies for translation. The research endeavours to suggest a model translation curriculum, so as to lay down the foundation of Translation Studies as a discipline at the post-graduate level in all the public sector universities in Pakistan, in general and the International Islamic University, Islamabad, in particular. This is one of the pioneering work in Pakistan’s academia. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page DISSERTATION AND DEFENSE APPROVAL FORM------------------------ii CANDIDATE DECLARATION FORM-------------------------------------------iii ABSTRACT-----------------------------------------------------------------------------iv TABLE OF CONTENTS--------------------------------------------------------------v LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES------------------------------------------------xiv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS----------------------------------------------------------xvi DEDICATION------------------------------------------------------------------------ xvii Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION-----------------------------------------------------------------------01 1.1 The term ‘Translation’------------------------------------------------------------01 1.2 Translation Pedagogy/theory----------------------------------------------------02 1.3 Implications of Theories/ Pedagogy, Models and Analogies in Translation-------------------------------------------------------------------------05 1.4 The Role of the Translator-------------------------------------------------------08 1.5 Towards Contemporary Translation Theory: 20th-21st Centuries----------10 1.6 Statement of the Problem--------------------------------------------------------19 1.7 Reasons for Undertaking the Research----------------------------------------19 1.8 Benefits of Research-------------------------------------------------------------20 1.9 Research Objectives--------------------------------------------------------------21 1.10 Research Questions--------------------------------------------------------------22 1.11 Research Design------------------------------------------------------------------22 1.12 Structure of Dissertation---------------------------------------------------------23 vii Page Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW-----------------------------------------------------27 TOWARS THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSLATION THEORY: TEXT CYBERNETICS, TRANSLATION PEDAGOGY AND PROCESS------27 2.1 Introduction---------------------------------------------------------------------------------27 2.2 Evolution of Text Linguistics------------------------------------------------------------30 2.3 Standards of Textuality-------------------------------------------------------------------32 2.4 The Procedural Approach: Production and Reception of the Text-----------------34 2.5 Translation and the Meaning Problem-------------------------------------------------39 2.5.1 Lexical Meaning and Translation Problem----------------------------------39 2.5.2 Literal Meaning and Translation Problem-----------------------------------40 2.5.3 Connotative meaning and Translation Problem-----------------------------41 2.5.4 Semantic fields and Lexical sets---------------------------------------------41 2.6 Equivalence-------------------------------------------------------------------------------43 2.6.1 Equivalence at Word Level----------------------------------------------------43 2.6.2 Equivalence Above Word Level----------------------------------------------48 2.6.3 Grammatical equivalence-----------------------------------------------------60 2.6.4 Textural Equivalence Thematic and Information Structures-------------66 2.6.5 Textural Equivalence: Cohesion----------------------------------------------77 2.6.6 Pragmatic Equivalence: Coherence-------------------------------------------83 2.6.7 Cultural Equivalence------------------------------------------------------------95 2.7 Prose Designs, Text Structures in Translation--------------------------------------104 2.7.1 Contextual Configurations--------------------------------------------------106 2.7.2 The Limits of Structure Modification in Prose Text--------------------107 2.7.3 Basic Text Designs---------------------------------------------------------109 2.8 Translation Criticism/ Critique----------------------------------------------------110 2.8.1 Plan of criticism--------------------------------------------------------------110 2.8.2 The Translation’s Future ---------------------------------------------------115 2.9 Conclusion----------------------------------------------------------------------------112 viii Page Chapter 3 IMPLICATIONS OF LITERARY THEORIES, COGNITIVE PROCESSES AND LANGUAGE LEARNING IN TRANSLATION---------------------------------114 3.1 Introduction---------------------------------------------------------------------------------114 3.2 Literary Models and Paradigms----------------------------------------------------------114 3.3 Translation and Rewriting----------------------------------------------------------------117 3.4 Literary Theories---------------------------------------------------------------------------118 3.4.1 George Steiner and Hermeneutics------------------------------------------------119 3.4.2 Ezra Pound and the Energy of Translation-------------------------------------119 3.4.3 The Task of the Translator: Walter Benjamin--------------------------------120 3.4.4 Derrida and Deconstruction-----------------------------------------------------120 3.4.5 Colonialism, Post-Colonialism: Gender and Feminism in Translation---