Universal Journal of Physics and Application 12(4): 68-75, 2018 http://www.hrpub.org DOI: 10.13189/ujpa.2018.120402 Modulated Wave Frequencies in the Solar System and Universe G. G. Kochemasov Institute of Geology of Ore Deposits, Petrography, Mineralogy and Geochemistry (IGEM), Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia Copyright©2018 by authors, all rights reserved. Authors agree that this article remains permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License Abstract As all cosmic bodies in Universe move in (resolution of devices for fine waves and a body size for several orbits with very different orbiting frequencies they large waves). The wave born tectonic granules normally are affected by modulated waves. Very low orbiting are evenly sized, shoulder-to-shoulder disposed in lines, frequencies of Galaxy and assemblies of galaxies in crossing lines, grids and lattices. Universe modulate orbiting frequencies of smaller cosmic Examples of main and modulated structures on surfaces bodies with production of short, fine and finest radio and of some cosmic bodies are below. gamma rays. They appear as predicted by radio wave physics. The modulation is division and multiplication of the higher frequency by the lower one. As a result along 2 . Materials and Methods with main frequencies appear two side frequencies with corresponding those tectonic granules. Examples are on Numerous cosmic images of the Solar system bodies surfaces of Saturn, Pluto, the Moon, Titan, Ceres, Phobos, were used for structural measurements and comparisons , Churyumov-Gerasimenko comet core. Lost mass and dark in particular, materials of the NASA-ESA Cassini project, energy possibly are related to the shortest not yet measured Voyager’ images, Dawn project data, classical lunar crater oscillations. size – frequency chart, Rosetta images, Hubble Space Telescope (HST) photos and the New Horizons sensational Keywords Cosmic Bodies, Universe, Modulated materials on Pluto. Classical radio physics modulation Waves, Radio Wave Physics, Modulation method applied to simultaneous wave fluctuations of differing frequencies was successfully used in relation to cosmic bodies sharing at one time different orbits. Pluto images present in the paper are due to credit of NASA/JHUAPL/SwRI. 1 . Introduction All cosmic bodies of the Universe rotate and move in orbits with various orbiting frequencies [1,2 and others]. 3 . Results and Discussion Normally any participates in several orbital movements At the beginning of applying wave modulation with differing frequencies. As moving with periodically procedure for explaining numerous ring structures on changing accelerations bodies inevitably are warped by surfaces of cosmic bodies was used very simple (not inertia-gravity waves this means that “orbits make perfect) Titan image made by the Hubble space telescope structures”. Any orbital frequency creates own wave (HST) (Fig. 1, 2; [3]). Images of Titan (Nature, 1995, v. structure imprinted in body shape. Several frequencies 374, #6519) along with dichotomy show blurred even distort the same body by superimposed wave structures. granularity. Its size is about 700 km and this can be The firmest prove of the wave nature of structuring is predicted by the wave planetology [1,2,3]. Granulation presence of tectonic blocks (granules) size of which sizes are proportional to orbital periods. Titan as a satellite corresponds to modulated according to the wave science has two orbital periods: around Sun and Saturn. Orbiting waves. When two frequencies are present the smaller one is the first makes granula size 7.5πR (the scale is Earth with divided and multiplied by the larger one to give two one year solar period and πR/4 granule size), orbiting the additional side frequencies. Thus, four frequencies (two second makes πR/91(~ 90 km). Both granules were not main and two side ones) are present and corresponding seen at that time: the first is too large (it only distorts the them tectonic blocks are discovered if technically possible whole body, as well as Saturn itself), the second is out of Universal Journal of Physics and Application 12(4): 68-75, 2018 69 achieved for the time resolution. But the modulation of the spacing about 10-20 km covering mainly smooth dark near high frequency by the low one gives granule size ~670 km equatorial parts of the satellite [4]. [(7,5 x 1/91)πR = πR/12]. One observes them (Fig.1-3). Figure 3. Titan (PIA06154); the image was taken Dec. 10, 2004 at a distance of 1746000 km by the narrow-angle camera with a special near-infrared filter at 938 nanometers (Credit: NASA/JPL/Space Sci. Inst.). PIA06154 taken from distance of 1746000 km with a special near-infrared filter at 938 nanometers shows a broad bright area Xanadu, regular cross-cutting tight lineations (waves) covering the whole surface of Titan and producing chains and grids of hollows (“craters”) with diameters about 70-100 km (Fig. 3). This granule size (88 km) corresponds to the circumsaturnian orbital frequency of Titan (1/16 days) and are superimposed on much larger blobs-“craters” (500-700 km across) hardly distinguished at the center and sometimes with multiple concentric rings. This is the larger modulated granule seen also in the HST image (Fig. 1, 2). The smaller modulated size ( 12 km) is presented in Fig. 4. Figure. 1, 2. IR image of Titan (Nature, 1995, v.374, #6519). On the right: interpretation of Titan’s granulation of Fig.1. The Cassini project studied Titan in much more details. Modulated features appeared clearly. Two modulated frequencies (division and multiplication of the higher circumsaturnian frequency by the lower circumsolar frequency (1/16 days and 1/30 years) and corresponding them tectonic granules are detected. The modulation gives πR/12 = (1/91 x 7.5)πR and πR/667 = (1/91 : 7.5)πR granules (670 km and 12 km size). Both sizes are discernable on Titan’s radar images PIA06154 and PIA08454. The first is as roundish white and dark areas (earlier distinguished in the HST distant image). The second size is produced by an intersection of regular Figure 4. Titan, radar image, grid (ridge-to-ridge) spacing ~12 km (a wavings-ripples (erroneously interpreted as dunes) with portion of PIA08454). 70 Modulated Wave Frequencies in the Solar System and Universe In the center is a broad bright area Xanadu. Of particular interest are the regular cross-cutting tight lineations (waves) covering the whole surface of Titan and producing chains and grids of hollows (“craters”) with diameters about 70-100 km. This granule size (88 km) was calculated proceeding from the orbital frequency of Titan. These granules are superimposed on much larger blobs-“craters” (500-700 km across, hardly distinguished at the center) sometimes with multiple concentric rings. This size for wave granules, proceeding from two modulating orbits of the satellite, was predicted before the Cassini mission as one of the sizes corresponding to the modulated side wave frequencies (Fig. 1, 2). The modulation procedure was equally applied to Saturn itself (“leopard skin”) and Proteus – a satellite of Neptune. Very effective “leopard skin” structure of the saturnian atmosphere with regularly spaced storms about 400 km across (Fig. 5, 6; [5]) can be calculated by the modulation of rapidly rotating atmosphere (1/0.45 days, 60000 km radius) by slowly orbiting Saturn around Sun (1/30 years). To modulated side frequencies correspond smaller granules (1/3244 : 7.5)3.14 x 60000 = 7.74 km and larger Figure. 5, 6. Saturn. On the right, PIA08333, South pole, IR image, “leopard skin” spots (false color); on the left, north pole, “hexagon” granules (1/3244 x 7.5)3.14 x 60000 = 435.6 km. The feature and spots. smaller granules are not yet observed (maybe they show themselves in kilometric radio emissions), but the larger granules are ubiquitous on he Saturn’s surface as the “leopard skin” spots. In the saturnian outer B-ring with R=117580 km and orbital frequency 1/0.471 days a smaller main granule is πR/3100 or 119 km. The smaller modulated side granule is (1/3100 : 7.5)3.14 x 117580 = 15.9 km. In PIA08836 (Fig. 7) tiny granules have about 15 km across [6]. Figure 7. Saturn. Outer B-Ring, a portion of PIA08836, grainy texture of some bands. Modulated granule size of Proteus is ~20 km (Fig. 8, 9). It is calculated from its diameter 416 km, circumsolar granule size 41πR, circumneptunian granule size πR/1300 (too small to observe with present facilities). Modulated size is (41 x 1/13000)πR = πR/32 = ~20 km [2]. Universal Journal of Physics and Application 12(4): 68-75, 2018 71 ‘blobs” at wave intersections (HST image, Fig. 12) and small circles in strings and grids covering the whole imaged surface, Fig. 13. [8]. Figure 10. Pluto. Smallest wave granulation (0.25 km) on icy surface of Sputnik Planum. detail_lorri_rider Figure 11. Pluto, the highest resolution cross-cutting modulated side waves making granules ~0.25 km across (Sputnik Planum area; a portion of NEW.SPUTNIK.top_). 2-4. interaction of waves reflected from walls of camera a few cm size {Science News, v. 140. # 18, 1991, 273-288}; Figure 8, 9. Two views of Proteus, with grainy surface, P-34681 this wave “tapestry” resembles a wave structure predicted by the quantum theory. Significant similarity with the Pluto’ wave structure of 1. Pluto’ rotation and orbiting with frequency 1/6.39 days around the barycenter of the Pluto-Charon system gives granule size 16.3 km (πR/228) according to the relation between orbiting frequencies and tectonic granules sizes [1,2,7]. These granules as polygons about 20 km across are visible especially on the brightest and highest sector of Sputnik Planum. Another widespread granule size is about 0.25 km (Fig.