Comenius University in Bratislava Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin Department of Anatomy HEART AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEM STUDY GUIDE Desanka Výbohová Gabriela Hešková Yvetta Mellová Martin 2019 1 Authors: Doc. MUDr. Desanka Výbohová, PhD. MUDr. Gabriela Hešková, PhD. Doc. MUDr. Yvetta Mellová, CSc. Authors themselves are responsible for the content and English of the chapters. Reviewers: Prof. MUDr. Marian Adamkov, DrSc. MUDr. Zuzana Lazarová, PhD. ISBN 978-80-8187-065-1 EAN 9788081870651 2 TABLE OF CONTENT Preface.................................................................................................................................6 HEART................................................................................................................................ 7 Position of the heart...............................................................................................................7 Relations of the heart...........................................................................................................10 External features of the heart...............................................................................................13 Pericardium..........................................................................................................................18 Cardiac wall.........................................................................................................................22 Cardiac skeleton...................................................................................................................23 Valves of the heart................................................................................................................25 Cavities of the heart..............................................................................................................29 Right atrium..........................................................................................................................29 Right ventricle.......................................................................................................................31 Left atrium.............................................................................................................................33 Left ventricle.........................................................................................................................34 Vessel of the heart.................................................................................................................36 Right coronary artery.............................................................................................................37 Left coronary artery...............................................................................................................39 Veins of the heart...................................................................................................................42 Lymphatic drainage of the heart............................................................................................44 Conduction system of the heart..............................................................................................45 Nerves of the heart.................................................................................................................46 Introduction to the blood circulation......................................................................................48 Foetal circulation....................................................................................................................49 3 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM ................................................................................................. 53 Nose ....................................................................................................................................... 54 EXTERNAL NOSE ............................................................................................................. 54 Vessels and nerves of external nose ....................................................................................... 55 NASAL CAVITY ................................................................................................................. 56 Vessels and nerves of nasal cavity ......................................................................................... 59 PARANASAL SINUSES ..................................................................................................... 61 Vessels and nerves of paranasal sinuses ................................................................................ 62 LARYNX .............................................................................................................................. 63 Anatomical position and relations of larynx to neighbouring structures and organs ............ 63 Laryngeal cartilages ............................................................................................................... 63 Laryngeal joints ..................................................................................................................... 66 Laryngeal membranes and ligaments .................................................................................... 67 Laryngeal muscles .................................................................................................................. 69 Laryngeal inlet ........................................................................................................................ 73 Laryngeal cavity ..................................................................................................................... 74 Vessels and nerves of larynx ................................................................................................. 77 TRACHEOBRONCHIAL TREE, TRACHEA, BRONCHI AND BRONCHIOLES ....78 TRACHEA ............................................................................................................................ 79 Anatomical position and relations of trachea to neighbouring structures and organs .......... 79 Composition of trachea ......................................................................................................... 80 Vessels and nerves of trachea ............................................................................................... 81 MAIN BRONCHI (PRIMARY, PRINCIPAL) ................................................................ 83 Composition of main bronchi ................................................................................................ 83 Vessels and nerves of main bronchi ...................................................................................... 83 LUNGS, PLEURA AND MEDIASTINUM ..................................................................... 84 LUNGS ................................................................................................................................. 84 Groos anatomy of lungs .........................................................................................................84 Root and hilum of lungs ........................................................................................................88 Intrapulmonary part of the air-conducting zone, bronchopulmonary segment .....................89 Composition of intrapulmonary bronchi and bronchioles .....................................................89 Relations, grooves and impressions of lungs ........................................................................ 92 Projection of lungs onto skeleton .......................................................................................... 95 4 Vessels and nerves of lungs ................................................................................................... 95 PLEURA ............................................................................................................................... 97 Visceral (pulmonary) pleura .................................................................................................. 97 Parietal pleura ........................................................................................................................ 97 Pleural recesses ...................................................................................................................... 98 Projection of pleura onto skeleton ......................................................................................... 98 Vessels and nerves of pleura .................................................................................................. 99 MEDIASTINUM ................................................................................................................ 101 REVIEW QUESTIONS .................................................................................................... 103 REFERENCES .................................................................................................................. 123 5 PREFACE This study guide has been prepared for medical students as a basic educational material for the anatomy practicals and anatomy exam. The first chapter provides introduction to the cardiovascular system, the heart and basic description of the circulations. The second chapter deals with the organs of respiratory system. The text is fulfilled by the photographs of formalin fixed cadaveric preparates used during the anatomy practicals in our department, however, it is necessary combine the study with using of anatomy atlases (Sobotta´s, Gray´s, Gilroy ´s or Netter´s atlas of human anatomy). Several