4.6 WELLINGTON CONSERVANCY Wellington had a small, short-lived ‘gold rush’ in June 1869, when alluvial gold was discovered in the Kaiwharawhara Stream, in Karori. The claims in the upper stream were worked out by July 1869, but small-scale alluvial mining continued downstream for another 2 years. Quartz mining was carried out at a number of sites, but most were closed with the filling of the water reservoir in 1873. The Baker’s Hill Mining Company and Morning Star leases were submerged by the reservoir, and access was cut off to the Union and Try Again leases. The Golden Crown mine closed soon afterwards, and, by 1897, all mining activity in the area had ceased. The site of the Golden Crown mine, with accompanying interpretative material, can be visited at the Karori Wildlife Sanctuary. Wellington image Hillside at Terawhiti, Wellington, showing entrance to Golden Crown goldmine, 1881. Photographer William Williams. Reproduced by permission of the Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, N.Z. Ref. no. G–140357–1/2. 34 Nightingale—Developing historical goldrush interpretation 5. References Anderson, R. 1996: Goldmining: policy, legislation and administration. Waitangi Tribunal, Rangahaua Whanui Series, National Theme N. Waitangi Tribunal, Wellington. [There is a more detailed report by Anderson in the Hauraki Mäori Trust Board’s evidence to the Waitangi Tribunal.] Anderson, R. 1997/98: Hauraki Casebook vols 2–4. The Crown, the Treaty and the Hauraki Tribes 1800–1885. Wai 100, A6; Wai 406, C15; Wai 215, M12. Hauraki Mäori Trust Board, Thames. Australian Heritage Commission 2001: Australian Historic Themes: A framework for use in heritage assessment and management. Australian Heritage Council, Canberra. Belich, J. 1996: Making Peoples: A history of the New Zealanders from Polynesian settlement to the end of the Nineteenth Century. Penguin, Auckland. Bloomfield, G.T. (Ed.) 1984: New Zealand, a Handbook of Historical Statistics. G.K. Hall, Boston. Browne, A.P.F. 1974: The Otago Goldfields, 1861–1863: Administration and Public Life. Unpublished MA thesis, History Department, University of Canterbury, Christchurch. Challis, A. 1991: Strategies for New Zealand archaeology: The Nelson–Marlborough Conservancy, Department of Conservation: Synthesis of the state of knowledge and preliminary recommendations. Draft File Document. Department of Conservation, Nelson. Hall-Jones, J. 2003: Menzies, James Alexander Robertson 1821–1888. Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, www.dnzb.govt.nz/ (updated 16 December 2003). Hawke, G.R. 1985: The Making of New Zealand: An economic history. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Hill, R. 1986: History of Policing. Vol 1. Department of Internal Affairs, Wellington. Jones, K.L. (Compiler) 1981: Proceedings, Goldfields Seminar. New Zealand Historic Places Trust, Wellington. Keene, H. 1995: Going for Gold: The search for riches in the Wilberforce Valley. Department of Conservation, Canterbury Conservancy, Christchurch. May, P.R. 1962: The West Coast Goldrushes. Pegasus, Christchurch. McCaskill, M. 1960: Historical geography of Westland before 1914. Unpublished PhD thesis, History Department, University of Canterbury, Christchurch. McKinnon, M. (Ed.) 1997: New Zealand Historical Atlas. Bateman, Auckland. Morrell, W.P.1968: The Gold Rushes. London, Black. Olssen, E. 1984: A History of Otago. John McIndoe, Dunedin. Olssen, E. 1995: Towards a new society. Pp. 270–271 in Rice, G.W. (Ed.): The Oxford History of New Zealand: Second Edition. Oxford University Press, Auckland. Otago Provincial Council 1863: Second annual report on the Goldfields of Otago, p. 8, Votes and Proceedings Otago Provincial Council, 1863. Rice, G.W. 1992: Oxford History of New Zealand. (2nd edn) Oxford University Press, Auckland. Salmon, J.H.M. 1963: Goldmining in New Zealand. Government Printer, Wellington. Staton, J. 1975: Historic resources description and ranking. In: Beech Forest Project. West Coast Environmental Division, NZ Forest Service, Wellington. US National Park Service 1994: History in the National Park Service: Themes and Concepts. National Park Service, Washington DC. www.cr.nps.gov/history/hisnps/NPS Thinking/revthem.htm Waite, R. 1869: A narrative of the discovery of the West Coast goldfields. Hounsells, Nelson. Science for Conservation 262 35 6. Bibliography The bibliography is organised by general divisions between international, national (general), and then DOC Conservancies. Each division except the international division is divided into three sections reflecting the range of interests that DOC has in its historic heritage management: • Geological, technological and land management resources • Archaeological resources • Historical resources The bibliography was compiled from several main sources. The Conservancy sections aim at being comprehensive but do not include any comments on particular resources. The main sources were: • Te Puna—The National Library Catalogue • The DOC IRC catalogue • The Chief Filekeeper of NZAA master files held at SRU DOC, Wellington • The New Zealand Historic Places Trust Library Catalogue 6.1 INTERNATIONAL This is deliberately very brief and aims to show some of the breadth of comparative research. Blainey, G. 1970: A theory of mineral discovery: Australia in the nineteenth century. Economic History Review X: 298–313. Fetherling, D. 1988: The Gold Crusades: A social history of the gold rushes, 1848–1920. Macmillan of Canada, Toronto. McCalman, I.; Cook, A.; Reeves, A. (Eds) 2001: Forgotten Histories and Lost Objects of Australia. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. May, R. 1977: The gold-rushes: From California to Klondike. Macmillan, Melbourne. Morrell, W.P. 1968: The Gold Rushes. Black, London. 6.2 NATIONAL (GENERAL) Geology, technology and land management Crown Minerals, Ministry of Commerce, holds information on prospecting and historical geological prospecting information. Galvin, P. 1906: The New Zealand Mining Handbook 1906. Government Printer, Wellington. Gordon, H.A. 1894: Mining and Engineering and Miners’ Guide. Government Printer, Wellington. Kenny, J. (Ed.) 1989: Prospecting for alluvial gold. NZ Resource Information Section, Ministry of Energy, Wellington. 36 Nightingale—Developing historical goldrush interpretation Lougheed, A.L. 1987: The cyanide process and gold extraction in New Zealand, 1888–1913. Australian Economic History Review 27(1): 44–60. Muir, D.G.; Fricker, A.G. 1986: A semi-quantitative survey of the metallurgical efficiency of alluvial gold operations in New Zealand. Industrial Processing Division, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Lower Hutt. NZ Government 1887: The Handbook of New Zealand Mines. Government Printer, Wellington. Oliver, W. 1991: The Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, vol. 1. Department of Internal Affairs and Bridget Williams Books, Wellington. www.dnzb.govt.nz/dnzb/ Orange, C. 1991: The Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, vols 2–5. Department of Internal Affairs and Bridget Williams Books, Wellington. www.dnzb.govt.nz/dnzb/ Smith, N. 2001: Heritage of Industry: Discover New Zealand’s industrial history. Reed, Auckland. Thornton, G. 1982: New Zealand’s Industrial Heritage. Reed, Wellington. Williams, J.G. 1974: Economic Geology of New Zealand. John McIndoe, Dunedin. Woodhouse, S.F. 1940: Tales of Pioneer Women. Womens’ Institutes of New Zealand, Auckland. Archaeology Jones, K.L. 1994: Nga Touwhenua mai te Rangi: a New Zealand archaeology in photographs. Victoria University Press, Wellington. Jones, K.L. (Comp.) 1981: Proceedings, Goldfields Seminar. New Zealand Historic Places Trust, Wellington. Wilson, J. (Ed.) 1984: New Zealand’s Industrial Past: Papers Presented at a Seminar on Industrial Archaeology, Christchurch, New Zealand. New Zealand Historic Places Trust, Wellington. History Anderson, R. 1996: Rangahaua Whanui National Theme N, Goldmining, Policy, Legislation, and Administration. Waitangi Tribunal, Wellington. Appendices to the Journal of the House of Representatives: Annual Mines Reports. Belich, J. 1996: Making Peoples: A history of the New Zealanders from Polynesian settlement to the end of the Nineteenth Century. Penguin, Auckland. Blomfield, G.T. 1984: New Zealand: A handbook of historical statistics. G.K. Hall, Boston, Massachusetts. Ell, G. 1995: Tales and Traditions of the New Zealand Goldfields. Bush Press, Auckland. Ell, G. 1987: Goldrush Country of New Zealand. Bush Press, Auckland. Fairservice, S.; Fairservice, J. 1987: Gold in your Bottle: Fossicking for fun in New Zealand. Whitcoulls, Auckland. Guerin, K. 1988: Goldmining in New Zealand: Production statistics. NZ Historic Places Trust, Wellington. Hawke, G.R. 1985: The Making of New Zealand: An economic history. Cambridge University Press, Melbourne. Heinz, W. 1970: Bright Fine gold: Stories of the New Zealand gold fields. Pegasus, Christchurch. Hill, R.S. 1986: Policing the Colonial Frontier: The theory and practice of coercive social and racial control in New Zealand, 1767–1867. Government Printer, Wellington. Jardine, V.; Scobie, G.M. 1988: Goldmining: Contribution to the New Zealand economy. New Zealand Mining and Exploration Association, Auckland. Lawson, K. 1968: Gold: a bulletin for schools. Department of Education, Wellington. Loughnan, R.A. 1906: The First Gold Discoveries in New Zealand. Government Printer, Wellington. Science for Conservation 262 37 Macdonald, C. 1991: Book of New Zealand Women. Bridget Williams Books, Wellington. May, P.R. 1980: Goldrushes of the Pacific borderlands: A comparative survey. In Richardson, L.; McIntyre,