Notes On Making Cola Issue 2 By Richard Grove [email protected] August 2005 Disclaimer: This document is copyright free. However you use any information contained within it at your own risk. Table Of Contents 1. Some Basic Chemistry ........................................................................................................................4 1.1. Molecules......................................................................................................................................4 1.1.1. Non-polar Molecules.............................................................................................................4 1.1.2. Polar Molecules.....................................................................................................................4 1.2. Solubility, Miscibility And Immiscibility .....................................................................................5 1.3. Acidity And Dissociation..............................................................................................................6 1.4. Emulsions......................................................................................................................................7 1.4.1. Types Of Emulsion................................................................................................................7 1.4.2. Surface Energy ......................................................................................................................7 1.4.3. Emulsion Failure ...................................................................................................................8 1.4.4. The Origins Of Charged Droplets In Emulsions ...................................................................9 1.5. Stabilising Emulsions....................................................................................................................9 1.5.1. Electrostatic Stabilisation ......................................................................................................9 1.5.2. Polymeric Stabilisation..........................................................................................................9 1.5.3. Small Particles.....................................................................................................................10 1.5.4. Surfactants...........................................................................................................................10 1.5.5. Weighting Agents................................................................................................................11 2. A Few Cola Syrup Recipes ...............................................................................................................12 2.1. The Original ................................................................................................................................12 2.2. Another Supposed Original.........................................................................................................13 2.3. The Supposed Pepsi-Cola Recipe................................................................................................14 2.4. OpenSource Cola ........................................................................................................................14 2.5. Stevia Natural Sweetener Sugar Free Cola .................................................................................15 2.6. Another Recipe............................................................................................................................16 3. General Notes On Cola Recipes.......................................................................................................17 3.1. Rumours......................................................................................................................................17 3.2. Cola Emulsions And Emulsifiers ................................................................................................17 3.2.1. Alcohol Flavour Extraction .................................................................................................17 3.2.2. Emulsifiers ..........................................................................................................................17 3.2.3. Mixing .................................................................................................................................18 3.2.4. Acidulants............................................................................................................................19 3.2.5. Antioxidants ........................................................................................................................19 3.2.6. Preservatives........................................................................................................................19 3.2.7. Foaming Agents ..................................................................................................................19 4. A Review Of Ingredients ..................................................................................................................20 4.1. Alcohol........................................................................................................................................20 4.2. Benzoic Acid (E210) & Benzoates (E211) .................................................................................20 4.3. Caffeine.......................................................................................................................................20 4.4. Caramel (E150d) .........................................................................................................................21 4.5. Carbon Dioxide (E290) ...............................................................................................................21 4.6. Citric Acid (E330).......................................................................................................................21 4.7. Cola Nut ......................................................................................................................................22 4.8. Essential Oils...............................................................................................................................22 4.8.1. Flavour Extraction...............................................................................................................22 4.8.2. Oil Extraction ......................................................................................................................23 4.8.3. The Properties Of Essential Oils .........................................................................................23 4.9. Glycerine (E442).........................................................................................................................25 4.10. Guar Gum (E412)......................................................................................................................25 4.11. Gum Arabic (E414)...................................................................................................................25 4.12. Phosphoric Acid (E388)............................................................................................................26 4.13. Sugar .........................................................................................................................................26 4.14. Sulphur Dioxide (E 220) ...........................................................................................................26 4.15. Water.........................................................................................................................................27 4.16. Xanthan Gum (E415) ................................................................................................................27 Appendix A1. Abbreviations................................................................................................................28 Appendix A2. Metric/Imperial Conversions.......................................................................................29 Appendix A3. Volume/Mass Conversions...........................................................................................30 Appendix A4. Important Organic Functional Groups ......................................................................31 Appendix A5. Molecules Commonly Found In Essential Oils ..........................................................33 A5.1. Terpenes ...................................................................................................................................33 A5.2. Sesquiterpenes..........................................................................................................................33 A5.3. Oxygen Containing Molecules Derived From Terpenes ..........................................................34 A5.4. Oxygen Containing Molecules Derived From Benzene...........................................................34 A5.5. Aliphatic Aldehydes.................................................................................................................34 Bibliography..........................................................................................................................................35 Some Basic Chemistry - 4 1. Some Basic Chemistry 1.1. Molecules Molecules are one of the fundamental building blocks of chemical compounds and normally consist of groups of atoms held firmly together by covalent bonds. Molecules generally stay intact during physical processes,