Behind the Screen Online Child Exploitation in Australia ANTI-SLAVERY Behind the Screen: Online Child Exploitation in AUSTRALIA Australia Acknowledgements With special thanks to the Rainbow Fish Foundation. Researched and written by: Anti-Slavery Australia Jennifer Burn (Director), Ian Dobinson (Chief Investigator) and Beau Neilson (Project Co- Ordinator), with researchers Sarah Scully-Leaf, Indika Chandrasekera and Elizabeth Sheridan. With contributions from: Norton Rose Fulbright With special thanks to: Gemma Livingston, Helene Lee Allison McLeod, Nicki Milionis, Lai Lynn Choong, and Justine Krajewski. Salesforce.org With special thanks to: Sara Berrada, Ana-Gloria Medrano and Russell Tong. © Anti-Slavery Australia 2017 i ANTI-SLAVERY Behind the Screen: Online Child Exploitation in AUSTRALIA Australia Contents Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................. i Foreword ............................................................................................................................ iv Executive Summary ............................................................................................................ v Key Recommendations ...................................................................................................... xi Definitions.......................................................................................................................... xii A Note on Terminology ................................................................................................. xii Acronyms and Abbreviations ............................................................................................ xv Introduction.......................................................................................................................... 1 1. Chapter I: Online Child Exploitation Statistics and Trends ......................................... 4 1.1. Overview ............................................................................................................. 4 1.2. The Global Picture .............................................................................................. 6 1.3. Australia ............................................................................................................ 10 1.4. Recommendations ............................................................................................ 26 2. Chapter II: Legislative Framework and History ......................................................... 28 2.1. Overview ........................................................................................................... 28 2.2. International Law ............................................................................................... 28 2.3. Australian Law ................................................................................................... 31 2.4. Commonwealth Jurisdiction .............................................................................. 33 2.5. State and Territory legislation - overview .......................................................... 40 2.6. Recommendations ............................................................................................ 50 3. Chapter III: Sentencing ............................................................................................. 52 3.1. Overview ........................................................................................................... 52 3.2. Sentencing Guidelines and Principles .............................................................. 53 3.3. Connecting online child exploitation materials to harm ..................................... 66 3.4. Other areas of Reform ...................................................................................... 68 4. Chapter IV: Internet Service Providers and Web Hosts ............................................ 74 4.1. Overview ........................................................................................................... 74 4.2. Internet Service Providers ................................................................................. 74 4.3. Social-Networking Sites .................................................................................... 82 4.4. Search Engines ................................................................................................. 87 4.5. Recommendations ............................................................................................ 91 5. Chapter V: Online Child Exploitation and Trafficking ................................................ 93 5.1. Overview ........................................................................................................... 93 5.2. Law of Trafficking and Slavery .......................................................................... 93 5.3. Developments in Online Child Exploitation ....................................................... 95 5.4. Case Reports .................................................................................................... 97 ii ANTI-SLAVERY Behind the Screen: Online Child Exploitation in AUSTRALIA Australia 5.5. Recommendations ............................................................................................ 99 6. Chapter VI: Combatting Online Child Exploitation .................................................. 100 6.1. Overview of International Affiliations and Key Bodies .................................... 100 6.2. Domestic Agencies and Organisations ........................................................... 115 6.3. Key Non-Government Organisations .............................................................. 131 6.4. Recommendations .......................................................................................... 136 7. Chapter VII: Education and Outreach ..................................................................... 138 7.1. Overview ......................................................................................................... 138 7.2. Key Initiatives .................................................................................................. 138 7.3. Australian Schools Curricula ........................................................................... 143 7.4. Recommendations .......................................................................................... 147 8. Resources ............................................................................................................... 149 8.1. For children and young people........................................................................ 149 8.2. For Parents and Guardians ............................................................................. 149 iii ANTI-SLAVERY Behind the Screen: Online Child Exploitation in AUSTRALIA Australia Foreword Who can imagine life without the internet? The ability to communicate with virtually anyone in the world instantly. An endless stream of entertainment options, largely free, at the mere movement of a finger. Amateur photographers and filmmakers with access to a global audience. Yet this same extraordinary human enabler, that we celebrate with wonder, has a troubling and disturbing underside. Online child sexual abuse is a topic most of us would prefer not think about, we would like to believe it doesn't really happen or at least that it only happens elsewhere - the unfortunate truth is that online exploitation of children is undoubtedly prevalent in Australia and it is increasing in levels which can be described as a pandemic. Affected children are getting younger and the crimes against them are getting more violent. Australian law enforcement and non-government agencies are doing an exceptional job in seeking to identify and rescue the children that have been harmed and capture the perpetrators causing the harm. But it isn't enough - these crimes are increasing with some statistics suggesting the volume of child sexual abuse imagery increasing as much as 400% between 2013 and 2015. And those that are detected and prosecuted are only a fraction of total offences committed. Australian offenders - those producing or viewing child abuse material - are being caught with not just an ‘album' of online images but tens of thousands if not hundreds of thousands of images and videos. That is, hundreds of thousands of crime scenes; scenes where real children (and increasingly prepubescent children, toddlers and babies) are experiencing real abuse. This research was undertaken fundamentally to help protect children from sexual abuse. To do this, we need to better understand the facts about online child abuse in Australia - how many children are being abused, how offenders are getting access to children, who the offenders producing and viewing these abuse images are, and why they do it. A problem of this magnitude indicates that multiple points of vulnerability exist and need to be addressed with a comprehensive and coordinated set of responses, many of which have been proposed at a high level in this report. The recent Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse has clearly evidenced the long term damage to victims of child sexual abuse over their lifetimes. With evidence of this abuse expanding and deepening online, action is required now to ensure this dark and devastating history is not repeated. We can’t say we didn’t know. Sally Treeby Rainbow Fish Foundation iv ANTI-SLAVERY Behind the Screen: Online Child Exploitation in AUSTRALIA