© Copyright 2017 Chung Ho Kim Community Resilience of the Korean New Village Movement, 1970-1979: Historical Interpretation and Resilience Assessment Chung Ho Kim A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2017 Reading Committee: Daniel B. Abramson, Chair Stevan Harrell Kenneth P. Yocom Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Urban Design and Planning University of Washington Abstract Community Resilience of the Korean New Village Movement, 1970-1979: Historical Interpretation and Resilience Assessment Chung Ho Kim This dissertation investigates the Korean New Village Movement (Saemaul Undong, New Rural Community Movement, or the KNVM) driven by the strong top-down leadership of President Park, Chung-hee in the 1970s. As a reaction to rapid Korean urbanization, the KNVM supported rural villages, transformed long-standing human settlements rapidly, and created social- ecological sudden changes of population and resource management. In this context, I investigate community resilience of rural villages supported by the KNVM in the 1970s to rapid urbanization through a framework of social-ecological resilience. This dissertation is structured in five parts with corresponding objectives: 1) to present a comprehensive research framework to interpret and assess the KNVM’s community resilience to rapid urbanization; 2) to identify the KNVM’s rationale, historical progress, and transformation of built environments, by comparing and contrasting the KNVM’s national-scale plans with village- scale projects based on sample villages; 3) to interpret the KNVM’s transformation in terms of human settlements, contextualizing it with Korean traditional houses and villages; 4) and 5) to assess the community resilience of rural villages supported by the KNVM to rapid urbanization in two dimensions of demography and ecology, addressing the cross-scale and cross-sectoral interaction of the KNVM to population change and resource management change. In conclusion, I discuss the following main findings: 1) The KNVM was an urban development in the rural sector rather than a rural development. The KNVM’s rapid and large- scale transformation created functional change of rural villages in terms of human settlements, which was to value service and infrastructure of rural villages rather than shelter. As a result, the KNVM caused rural villages to fall into high urban dependence and lose existing self-sufficiency. 2) The KNVM’s social-ecological resilience assessments show inconsistent results depending on temporal and spatial dimensions. More specifically, the KNVM was responsible for the short-term population mitigation of rapid urbanization, but the long-term urban-rural population polarization in terms of demographic resilience. Meanwhile, the KNVM contributed to the national-scale and local-scale reforestation, but the global-scale consequence of high foreign dependence of resource and energy in terms of ecological resilience. TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures ................................................................................................................................. v List of Tables ............................................................................................................................... viii Introduction ................................................................................................................. 13 1.1 Research Background ................................................................................................... 13 1.2 Research Problem ......................................................................................................... 22 1.3 Research Goal ............................................................................................................... 27 1.4 Dissertation Organization ............................................................................................. 30 1.4.1 KNVM as Built Environments Transformation ........................................................ 30 1.4.2 KNVM and Population Change ................................................................................ 31 1.4.3 KNVM and Resource Management Change............................................................. 31 Theoretical Framework and Research Methodology .................................................. 32 2.1 Theoretical Framework: Community Resilience .......................................................... 32 2.1.1 Literature Review: Flows and Directions of Resilience Research ............................ 32 2.1.2 Research Framework: Definition and Scope of Community Resilience .................. 37 2.2 Research Methodology: Historical Interpretation and Resilience Assessment ............ 46 2.2.1 Basic Approach to KNVM: Implementation and Impact ......................................... 46 2.2.1.1 KNVM’s Implementation: Historical Interpretation ........................................ 47 2.2.1.2 KNVM’s Impact: Resilience Assessment ......................................................... 48 2.2.2 Scales of Implementation: Macro Overview and Micro Analysis ............................ 49 2.2.2.1 Macro Overview: National-scale Statistical Data ............................................. 49 2.2.2.2 Micro Analysis: Village-scale Sample Survey ................................................. 51 2.2.3 Periods of Impact: Short-term and Long-term .......................................................... 60 2.2.3.1 Short-term Impact: 1970-1979 .......................................................................... 60 2.2.3.2 Long-term Impact: Forty Years Later ............................................................... 61 i 2.2.4 Resilience Matrix for KNVM: Variables of Interest ................................................ 62 Historical Interpretation: KNVM as Built Environments Tranformation ................... 65 3.1 Chapter Introduction ..................................................................................................... 65 3.2 Settlement Logics and Patterns before KNVM ............................................................ 68 3.2.1 Fengshui: Site Selection Logic and Pattern .............................................................. 69 3.2.2 Lineage Village: Site Planning Logic and Pattern .................................................... 74 3.2.3 Hanok: House Layout Logic and Pattern .................................................................. 78 3.3 Two Strategies of KNVM: Prescription vs. Showcase ................................................. 82 3.3.1 KNVM as Prescription: National-scale Plans ........................................................... 82 3.3.1.1 Background and Rationale ................................................................................ 82 3.3.1.2 Historical Progress ............................................................................................ 85 3.3.1.3 KNVM and Other Central Government Plans .................................................. 91 3.3.2 KNVM as Showcase: Village-scale Projects ............................................................ 96 3.3.2.1 Park Chung-hee’s Experiments......................................................................... 96 3.3.2.2 First Saemaul House, Yongin, 1972 ............................................................... 100 3.3.2.3 Saemaul Countryside Construction Plan, 1972 ............................................. 105 3.3.2.4 First Saemaul Village, Cheonan, 1974 ........................................................... 111 3.4 Fort-year Villagers’ Adaptation to KNVM’s Challenges ........................................... 116 3.4.1 KNVM’s Main Challenges ..................................................................................... 116 3.4.2 Residents’ Adaptation: First Saemaul House and Village ...................................... 119 3.4.2.1 Adaptation to First Saemaul House ................................................................ 119 3.4.2.2 Adaptation to First Saemaul Village ............................................................... 120 3.5 Chapter Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 126 Resilience Assessment 1: KNVM and Population Change ....................................... 129 4.1 Chapter Introduction ................................................................................................... 129 4.2 KNVM’s Implementation: Mechanism of Population Change .................................. 131 4.2.1 KNVM and Korean Family Plan ............................................................................ 131 4.2.2 Demographic Transition: Fertility and Mortality Changes ..................................... 134 4.3 KNVM’s Demographic Impact ................................................................................... 137 ii 4.3.1 Population Situation before KNVM ....................................................................... 137 4.3.2 Demographic Pattern since KNVM ........................................................................ 141 4.3.2.1 Macro Overview: National-scale Statistical Data ........................................... 141 4.3.2.2 Cross-scale Analysis: Multi-scale Spatiotemporal Data ................................. 146 4.3.2.3 Micro Survey: Village-scale Sample Data and Interview ............................... 157 4.4 KNVM’s Demographic Resilience Assessment ........................................................