APECENERGY OVERVIEW 2012 Prepared by Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre (APERC) The Institute of Energy Economics, Japan Inui Bldg.-Kachidoki 11F, 1-13-1 Kachidoki, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0054, JAPAN Tel: +81 (3) 5144-8551 Fax: +81 (3) 5144-8555 E-mail: [email protected] APERC Website: http://www.ieej.or.jp/aperc/ For the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Secretariat 35, Heng Mui Keng Terrace Singapore 119616 Tel: (65) 6775 6012 Fax: (65) 6775 6013 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.apecsec.org.sg 2013 APEC Secretariat APEC#212-RE-01.12 APEC ENERGY OVERVIEW 2012 FOREWORD FOREWORD The sustainable development and use of energy resources continues to be at the forefront of energy policy in APEC. Facilitating economic growth and securing adequate energy supply, while also taking into account the global responsibility for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, has resulted in a focus on energy efficiency and carbon emission reduction. APEC economies continue to develop plans and measures to improve energy efficiency across all sectors of the economy. Most economies have followed-through on previously committed action plans to improve energy efficiency; embarked on efficiency awareness raising campaigns; promoted good energy management practices and facilitated investment in energy efficiency. In a statement made in November 2011 at the APEC Ministerial Meeting in Honolulu, Hawaii, the APEC Ministers aspired to meet a new APEC-wide regional goal of reducing the energy intensity of the APEC economies by at least 45 percent by 2035, using 2005 as a base year. This came after reviewing data analysed by the APEC Energy Working Group which indicated that APEC is on the path to significantly exceed its previous energy intensity goal. The 45% reduction is an aggregate goal, which recognizes that economies’ rates of improvement may vary for many reasons. For more information please see http://www.apec.org/Meeting-Papers/Ministerial- Statements/Annual/2011/2011_amm.aspx. Sustainable energy development can be achieved by employing highly effective government policies and by broadening energy cooperation between economies through bilateral, regional and multilateral schemes. In this context, sharing information on common energy challenges is essential. The APEC Energy Overview is an annual publication intended to promote information sharing. It contains energy demand and supply data as well as energy policy information for each of the 21 APEC economies. It also contains information on notable energy developments, including those related to policy updates, upstream development, energy efficiency, low carbon energy, and environmental protection. We hope that this report helps to deepen mutual understanding among APEC economies on energy issues in the region. Takato Ojimi Kenichi Matsui President Chair Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre Expert Group on Energy Data and Analysis (APERC) (EGEDA) March 2013 iii APEC ENERGY OVERVIEW 2012 FOREWORD iv APEC ENERGY OVERVIEW 2012 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The APEC Energy Overview could not have been accomplished without the contributions of many individuals and organisations. We would like to thank all those whose efforts made this overview possible, in particular those named below. We would like to thank APEC member economies for their efforts to improve the accuracy and timeliness of the information provided. We also would like to thank members of the APEC Energy Working Group (EWG), APEC Expert Group on Energy Data and Analysis (EGEDA), and APERC Advisory Board, along with numerous government officials, for their helpful information and comments. PROJECT MANAGER Goichi Komori PROJECT COORDINATOR Juan Roberto Lozano Maya MAIN CONTRIBUTORS Data Collection and Compilation: Energy Data and Modelling Center (EDMC), Institute of Energy Economics, Japan. Economy Chapters: Gayathiri Bragatheswaran (Australia, Thailand), Elvira Gelindon (Peru, Philippines), Tran Thanh Lien (Viet Nam), Bing-Chwen Yang and Du Bing (China, Hong Kong, China; Chinese Taipei), Chrisnawan Anditya (Indonesia, Singapore), Goichi Komori (Japan), Dmitry Sokolov (Korea, Russia), Juan Roberto Lozano Maya (Canada, Chile, Mexico,), Aishah Binti Mohd Isa (Brunei Darussalam, Malaysia,) Luke Leaver (New Zealand, United States), Chisato Katsuki (Papua New Guinea) EDITORS RRD Donnelly Global Transition Services and Juan Roberto Lozano Maya ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT Masatsugu Kamakura, Kaori Najima and Tomoyo Kawamura v APEC ENERGY OVERVIEW 2012 CONTENTS CONTENTS Foreword................................................................................................................................................iii Acknowledgements................................................................................................................................v Abbreviations and symbols ................................................................................................................vii Acronyms ..............................................................................................................................................vii Australia...................................................................................................................................................1 Brunei Darussalam...............................................................................................................................15 Canada ...................................................................................................................................................22 Chile .......................................................................................................................................................33 China......................................................................................................................................................42 Hong Kong, China ..............................................................................................................................62 Indonesia...............................................................................................................................................73 Japan.......................................................................................................................................................89 Korea .....................................................................................................................................................97 Malaysia .............................................................................................................................................. 109 Mexico ................................................................................................................................................ 119 New Zealand...................................................................................................................................... 131 Papua New Guinea........................................................................................................................... 142 Peru ..................................................................................................................................................... 147 The Philippines.................................................................................................................................. 158 The Russian Federation ................................................................................................................... 170 Singapore............................................................................................................................................ 188 Chinese Taipei ................................................................................................................................... 202 Thailand.............................................................................................................................................. 216 United States...................................................................................................................................... 225 Viet Nam............................................................................................................................................ 239 vi APEC ENERGY OVERVIEW 2012 ABBREVIATIONSANDSYMBOLS Abbreviation Term B/D barrels per day Bcf billion cubic feet bcm billion cubic metres Btu British thermal units GW gigawatt GWh gigawatt-hour kL kilolitre km kilometre km/L kilometres per litre ktoe kilotonne of oil equivalent kV kilovolt kW kilowatt kWh kilowatt-hour Mbbl/D thousand barrels per day ML million litres (megalitre) MMbbl million barrels MMbbl/D million barrels per day MMBFOE million barrels of fuel oil equivalent MMBtu million British thermal units MMcf/D million cubic feet per day MMscf/D million standard cubic feet per day mpg miles per gallon Mt million tonnes Mtce million tonnes of coal equivalent Mtoe million tonnes of oil equivalent MW megawatt PJ petajoules Tbbl/D trillion barrels per day tce tonnes of coal equivalent Tcf trillion cubic feet toe tonnes of oil equivalent tU tonnes of uranium metal TWh terawatt-hours W watt ACRONYMS APEC Asia–Pacific Economic Cooperation APERC Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre APP Asia–Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations CBM coal-bed methane vii APEC ENERGY OVERVIEW 2012 CCS carbon capture and storage CCT clean coal technology CDM clean