University of Rhode Island DigitalCommons@URI Open Access Master's Theses 1958 American Policy in the Kashmir-Jammu Dispute Before the United Nations 1948-1957 Ronald Leach Wrigley University of Rhode Island Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/theses Recommended Citation Wrigley, Ronald Leach, "American Policy in the Kashmir-Jammu Dispute Before the United Nations 1948-1957" (1958). Open Access Master's Theses. Paper 1785. https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/theses/1785 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@URI. It has been accepted for inclusion in Open Access Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@URI. For more information, please contact [email protected]. AMRR I CA·r POLI QY DISPUTE BEFORE THE tfN!TED. NATI01'W, ~9-!t§-1,957 BY RON AI,µ LEAOH r. RIGLEY '.MAS'I'ER OI" ARTS IN POLITICAL SCI E!NtE ....·'·. - ~~--~ :--,,"~ ~-; ~-;; .:' UNIVERSITY 0. RHODE I SLAND ,.:_ __;::~-.-. •'.·.:, ~~ 1958 ··- A STRACT The India - Pakistan dispute over the state of Jammu and Kas hmir ha s bee n befor e t he Security Council of t h e United Nations in ter mitt .ently for s ome ten yea rs . In al l the attempt s at set tl ement th e only accomplishment of this body has bee n to effect a cea se -f ire a gr ee ment betwee n the two dis putant s. The wr ite r' s objective in thi s paper is to investigate American po lic y in the dispute befor e the Uni ted Natio ns in an e ffor t to discover the official positio n taken by t he United State s overnment . In makin g s study of this type i t was ne cessar y f or t he writer to investi gate the pr ima r y records of the Unit d Nations General Assembly and the Se curity Council . Grea te r emphasis was placed upon th verbatim recor ds of t he Security Council , for it was in this or gan that American poli cy ias most evident . The mai n body of the thesis ha s been de veloped from these records . Other pr imary records exa mined were the State Deoartment Bulletins whi ch ex pressed broa d Amer i ca n policy in re gard t o South Asia and its effect on th K~s hmi r i s sue . The New~ Ti mes pr oved an in ­ valua ble source of in for mation for state ments and actions taken by the United States a nd the Se curity Coun cil which were not ye t pub l ished in the offi cial r eco rds of the U. N. The wr it e r was ab l e to obtain valuable pri mary and s condary iii material from the e'mbassies of India and Pakistan in ashington, _D. C. These were examined in order to ascertain the official poli cy of the two disputants . Se condary source material was found in the reports and bulletins of the Foreign Policy Associa ti on and various books . These 1ere examined for interpretation and application of fa cts obtained from the primary sources . The results of the study see m to indicate that the United tates continually urged th two parties to use peaceful means of settle ment and to abstain fro m ani u se of fore . This was a po lic y consistent with Chapter I, Artic le 2, Se ction .3, of the United Nations Charter . Se cond, 1'/a s hin .Fton placed gre at emphasis upon a plebisoi te in Kash mir under United .1.fations a.uspi ces . The plebiscite alone would determine the final accession of the state to either India or Pakistan . This principle of self ­ deter mination has bee n a traditional po lic y of t he United States . Third, t he United States denied the validity of the ori ginal accession instrument si gned by t he Maharaja of ashmir and t he Indian gove r nment . Furthermor, the State Departm ent viewed Ind ian control over Kash mir as temporary . Fourth, the Uni ted States refu se d to condemn Pakistan as an agg ressor in fashmir . This was a char ge that India had sou ght fr om the Securit y Council since t he introduction of the dispute in 1948. Fifth, a sl1in g ton sponsored jointly w1th ot he r Council iv members nine r solutions seekin g to brin g the parties to a s e ttlemen t _• . Both disputants for various reasons were unable to accept the recommendations .and sug gestion s made in the resolutions . Sixth ., the U'nited States has maintained that military a.id to Pakistan has not ehan g d the Kas hmir issue , nor altered the facts of t he deadlock . tater military paets , such as the SEATO and .&a .::dad treati s between th e United States and Pakistan , are consistent with t he Charter of' the United Nations . V A OKN'OWLEDGM. NT It is with great appreeia.t.hm that the w;r,i ter thanks Dr • . Daniel H • . Thomas, Iiead of the I)epartment of History and Poli tieal Science., and Professor David D • . War ·ren for their valuable au gestions and criticisms~ . The writer is reatly indebted to Pro!'essor 1'"'. P1r Allen, Univer.si ty Librarian, and members of his staff for t heir helpful and courteous assista n ce in l Peatir:1 g mate r ials . The writer also wishes to thank the staff of t he Indian and Pakistani Embas5ies i n Was h i ng ton, D. C. , fo ·r t h eir g enerous contribution of secondar y and pri :raar y source mat-erials . vi TABLE OF CONTENI'S Page ABSTRACT • • • • • • • • • • • • • . •· . iii Chapter I . I R0OUCTI01i • • • • • • .. .. l II. THE H~.STILITI ES . AND T CEASE-FIRE AGREEMENT ••••• • • • • • • • • • • 6 The United i ations Intervenes Informal Discussions on Kashmir A Three~ !an ~ommission on Kashmir Indian Policy i n Kashmir Washin gton's View That In dia n Cont?>ol over Kashmir Was Temporary The United States Proposes Second Commissio n for In dian-Pakistan Dis put e American Dele gate Comments on Powers of UNCIP and Interpretation o:f Pacific Settle ment The Cease - Fire Am r ican Polic y in the First Year of t h e Kashmir Deadlock III. NEW ETHODS OF SOLUTIO j • • • • • • • • • 20 India Sugg ests Arbitration on Agreed Issues UNOIP Reports to the Se curity Council Was hin gton Suggests Appointment of a U. N. Representative to Replace UNCilt> · as hin ton Notes I mprovement in lndian ­ Pakistan Relations Sir Owen Dixon's First Report to t he Becuri ty -Council American Dele gate Expresses Apprehension over Constituent Asse mbly in Kashmir The Second U. N. Representative New Delhi Objects to the Resolution Constituent Asse mbly Again Annoys t he State Department The Second _Gra ham 1ission vii Chapter Page urther ·ediation Erforts Discussi on in the General Assembly A Fi ft h Anglo - Ameri can Resolution Sends Graham to the Sub- conti nent Ameri can Policy d)uring the Pe.riod 1950- 1952 IV. It.I · ARY AID TO PA.t'"IST M • • • • • • • • • • . he . "Northern Tier" Defense . Syste m . Stipu l ations u nder ,ilitary Aid Program u. s. - Indian Relations Economic Aid to India . Re ional Pacts SEATO as Viewed by India Karachi Views -Kashmir Dead.look IV'it h Impatience V . RECENT D ., Et PME • • • • • • • • • • • • 56 Apprehensions over Constituent Assemb l y Security Council Resolution Reaf'firms Its Stand on a Plebiscite New Delhi Answers t he Securi ty -ouncil The Jarr-in g fission Ele ctions in Indian ... ~eld Kashmir The Jarring Report Washin gton and ara chi Continue T.heir Demands for a Plebiscite he Resolution of Dece .mbe1• 1957 Pakistan Seeks Supp ort Throu h I.ts Membership in t he Bagdad Pa ct CO CLUSIO S • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 68 U. S. Policy toward t he Accession Instrument Peaceful ethods a.s t h e First .. e-y to Settlement The Second Key to Sett le ment Charges · of Aggre s sion A:me-rican Policies Were Not Ifeutralist The Eff ect of Broad u •• Policy upon the Kashmir Issue Prospects for the Future . I LIOGRA? Y • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 75 viii OH.AFTER I I 11TRODUCTION On Augu st 15, 1947, Great Britain withdrew from the sub-co ntinent of India. rit1sh India was to be partitioned into two major states - India and Pakistan - with the future of some 565 princely states to be deter mined by the rulers of the states themselves. 1 With reference to the consti tut ional consequences of partition for the Indian p•ri ncely stat ·es, the Indian Independence Act of Ju ly 18, 1947 stated: As from the ap pointed day {Augu st 15, 1947} ••• the s u zerainty of Hls Majest y cve1· t h e I ndi an t at es lapses, and with it, all t1:"eaties and agree ments i n f0rce at t h e da te of t he passing of t his Act .. • • all obli ations of His · .ajeat y . existin g at t hat date towards Indian States or the Rulers thereof, and all powers, ri ght~; aut horit y or jurisdiction exercisable by His Majesty at t ha~ date i n or in relation to Indian States . From a strictly le gal point of v:iew, both '.· ndu and 1oslem political leaders ag re ed that th is provision granted full freedom of action to the princely s tate s, i.e., to acc ed e to either India or Pakistan or to r emain as independe nt states.