DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEORGE OTIS SMITH, DIRECTOR WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 254 I E UNDERGROUND WATERS OF NORTH-CENTRAL INDIANA BY STEPHEN R. CAPPS WITH A CHAPTER ON :HE CHEMICAL CHARACTER OF THE WATERS R. B. DOLE WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1910 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SUEVEY GEORGE OTIS SMITH, DIEECTOE WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 254 THE UNDERGROUND WATERS OF NORTH-CENTRAL INDIANA BY STEPHEN K. CAPPS WITH A CHAPTER ON THE CHEMICAL CHARACTER OF THE WATERS BY R B nOTF Water Resources Bran*. K. J3. DOLE/ . .., Geological burvey, Box 3106, Capitol Stalk* Oklahoma Ciiy, Okk. WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1910 CONTENTS. Page. Introduction,............................................................. 13 Need of investigations................................................. 13 Previous work......................................................... 13 Conditions under which work was done................................. 15 General summary of results............................................ 15 Acknowledgments...................................................... 16 Geography................................................................. 17 Drainage and relief.................................................... 17 Wabash River system............................................. 17 White River system............................................... 18 Kankakee River system........................................... 18 St. Joseph River system............................................ 18 Lakes............................................................ 18 Marshes........................................................... 19 Climate.............................................................. 19 Native vegetation..................................................... 21 ' Soils and crops.................................:...................... 22 Special factors in development.......................................... 23 Oil and gas....................................................... 23 Transportation.................................................... 23 Inhabitants........................................................... 24 Geology.................................................................. 24 Outline of geologic history.............................................. 24 Relations of ground water to geology..................................... 25 Effect of glaciation on topography...................................... 26 Moraines......................................................... 27 Outwash plains-................................................... 27 Till plains........................................................ 27 Surface deposits........................................................ 27 Glacial till......................................................... 27 Description.................................................... 27 Distribution.................................................. 28 Topography................................................... 28 Ground water in the till....................................... 28 Source................................................... 28 Distribution and circulation............................... 29 Types of wells............................................. 29 Morainal drift..................................................... 29 Description.................................................... 29 Distribution.................................................. 30 Topography................................................... 30 Ground water in the morainal drift.............................. 31 Sources and distribution.................................... 31 Types of wells............................................. 31 Outwash deposits................................................. 31 Description.................................................... 31 Distribution.................................................. 31 Ground water in the outwash deposits........................... 32 3 4 CONTENTS. Geology Continued. Page. Surface deposits Continued. Valley alluvium.................................................. 32 Description and distribution.................................... 32 Ground water in the alluvium.................................. 33 Sand............................................................. 34 Character and distribution...................................... 34 Ground water in the sands..................................... 34 Eock formations...................................................... 35 General geologic section........................................... 35 Ordovician system................................................. 37 St. Peter sandstone............................................. 37 Description and distribution................................ 37 Source and movements of water............................ 38 Character of the water..................................... 38 Trenton limestone.............................................. 38 Description and distribution................................ 38 Source, occurrence, and movements of water................ 39 Character of water.......................................... 39 Dangers from Trenton water............................... 40 Cincinnatian series............................................ 40 Description................................................ 40 Source, occurrence, and movements of water................ 40 Character of water.......................................... 40 Silurian system................................................... 41 Niagara limestone................................. ........... 41 Kokomo limestone............................................. 42 Silurian water................................................ 42 Devonian system................................................... 44 Description.................................................... 44 Source, occurrence, and movements of water.................... 44 Carboniferous system (Mississippian series)........................... 44 Knobstone group.............................................. 44 Description............. .................................. 44 Source, occurrence, and movements of water................ 45 Ground water ............................................................. 45 Sources................................................................ 45 Prevailing ideas.................................................... 45 Actual conditions................................................. 46 Movements............................................................ 47 In the surface zone................................................ 47 In the deeper zones............................................... 48 Occurrence............................................................ 50 Relation to topography............................................. 50 Relation to structure.............................................. 50 Pores.......................................................... 50 Bedding planes............................................... 50 Joints........................................................ 51 Relation to type of material......................................... 51 Unconsolidated deposits........................................ 51 Consolidated deposits........................................... 51 Sandstones............................................... 51 Shales.................................................... 52 Limestones............................................... 52 CONTENTS. 5 Ground water Continued. Paga Volume................................................................ 52 Mineral matter in solution............................................. 53 Springs............................................................... 53 Drift springs...................................................... 53 Rock springs....................................................... 54 Wells................................................................. 55 Methods of construction............................................. 55 Open wells.................................................... 55 Description............................................... 55 Disadvantages............................................ - 55 Bored wells................................................... 56 Driven and drilled wells....................................... 57 Driven wells.............................................. 56 Drilled wells............................................'... 57 Combination wells.............................................. 57 Flowing wells..................................................... 58 Essential conditions........................................... 58 In surface deposits................................ ........... 58 In rock....................................................... 59 Location of flowing wells....................................... 61 Lifting devices..................................................... 62 Bucket and windlass.......................................... 62 Siphon........................................................ 62 Pumps....................................................... 62 Hydraulic rams................................................ 62 Public supplies...................... .................................... 63 Relative merits of sources............................................... 63 Surface water....................................................