DISCLAIMER This report has been reviewed by the Minerals Management Service and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Service, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. CONVERSION FACTORS Metric to U.S. Customary Multiply by To Obtain millimeters (mm)...................................................... 0.03937 .................................................................inches (in) centimeters (cm)........................................................ 0.3937 ..................................................................inches (in) meters (m) .................................................................. 3.281 ........................................................................feet (ft) kilometers (km) ......................................................... 0.6214 .................................................................. miles (mi) square meters (m2) ..................................................... 10.76 ...........................................................square feet (ft2) square kilometers (km2)............................................ 0.3861 ..................................................... square miles (mi2) hectares (ha) ............................................................... 2.471 ............................................................................acres liters (l)...................................................................... 0.2642 ...............................................................gallons (gal) cubic meters (m3) ....................................................... 35.31 .............................................................cubic feet (ft3) cubic meters (m3) ................................................... 0.0008110 ..................................................................acre-feet milligrams (mg).....................................................0.00003527 ............................................................ ounces (oz) grams (g) .................................................................. 0.03527 ............................................................... ounces (oz) kilograms (kg) ............................................................ 2.205 ................................................................. pounds (lb) metric tons (t) ............................................................ 2205.0 ................................................................ pounds (lb) metric tons (t) ............................................................. 1.102 .................................................................... short tons Celsius degrees (ºC)...............................................1.8(ºC)+32................................................. Fahrenheit degrees U.S. Customary to Metric Multiply by To Obtain inches.......................................................................... 25.40 ..................................................................millimeters inches........................................................................... 2.54 .................................................................. centimeters feet (ft)....................................................................... 0.3048 ........................................................................ meters fathoms ....................................................................... 1.829 ......................................................................... meters miles ........................................................................... 1.609 ...................................................................kilometers nautical miles.............................................................. 1.852 ...................................................................kilometers square feet ................................................................. 0.0929 .............................................................square meters square miles................................................................ 2.590 ....................................................... square kilometers acres........................................................................... 0.4047 ......................................................................hectares gallons ........................................................................ 3.875 ............................................................................liters cubic feet .................................................................. 0.02831 ............................................................. cubic meters acre-feet..................................................................... 1233.0 .............................................................. cubic meters ounces (oz) ................................................................. 28.35 .................................................................... grams (g) pounds (lb) ................................................................ 0.4536 ...................................................................kilograms short tons (ton) .......................................................... 0.9072 .................................................................metric tons Fahrenheit degrees .............................................0.5556(ºF – 32)...................................................Celsius degrees Page a SEDIMENT GRAIN SIZE CLASSIFICATIONS AND DESCRIPTIONS OF GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION Sorting and skewness values for graphically-obtained statistics expressed as verbal descriptive summaries (after Folk 1974) (from Leeder 1982). Page b Environmental Report-Use of Federal Offshore Sand Resources OCS Study MMS 99-0036 ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT Use of Federal Offshore Sand Resources for Beach and Coastal Restoration in New Jersey, Maryland, Delaware, and Virginia TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CONVERSION TABLE...................................................................................................................................... a SEDIMENT GRAIN SIZE AND SORTING TABLES...................................................................................... b LIST OF ACRONYMS .............................................................................................................. Acronym Page 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................................1-1 1.1 Report Objectives and Organization .....................................................................................1-2 1.1.1 Purpose and Need.....................................................................................................1-2 1.1.2 Historical Storm Damage.........................................................................................1-2 1.1.3 Report Organization.................................................................................................1-3 1.2 Study Area Description..........................................................................................................1-3 1.2.1 Region.......................................................................................................................1-3 1.2.2 Identified Borrow Areas...........................................................................................1-3 1.3 MMS and Federal/State Agency Coordination and Review..................................................1-5 2.0 EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS.............................................................................2-1 2.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................2-1 2.2 Continental Shelf....................................................................................................................2-1 2.2.1 General Continental Shelf Morphology ...................................................................2-2 2.2.1.1 Paleoshorelines............................................................................................2-2 2.2.1.2 Shoals..........................................................................................................2-3 2.2.1.3 Filled Channels............................................................................................2-4 2.2.1.4 Shoal Retreat Massifs .................................................................................2-5 2.2.2 Geological Setting ....................................................................................................2-5 2.2.2.1 Pre-Quaternary Geology .............................................................................2-6 2.2.2.2 Quaternary Geology ..................................................................................2-6 2.2.2.3 Potential Sand Resources for Beach Nourishment ...................................2-7 2.2.2.4 New Jersey Continental Shelf ...................................................................2-8 2.2.2.5 Delaware Continental Shelf.....................................................................2-20 2.2.2.6 Maryland Continental Shelf ....................................................................2-25 2.2.2.7 Virginia Continental Shelf ......................................................................2-34 2.2.3 Climate ...................................................................................................................2-46