CBRN Multi-Threat Flying Laboratory Flying Laboratory• September 22, 2013 • Page 1 Flying Laboratory for Monitoring CBRN Threats . The Flying Laboratory is a multipurpose UAV equipped to monitor for CBRN threats and/or perform video and thermal IR surveillance. Its capabilities are unique in the world. Car top launch Flying Laboratory• September 22, 2013 • Page 2 A Pioneer in the Field of Surveillance . Virtually all UAV development worldwide is focused on video surveillance. Research International (RI) is the world leader in development of UAV platforms for chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear detection. The first demonstration in the world of real-time automated biodetection on a UAV was done by Research International and a U.S. Naval Research Laboratory team in September, 1996 at Dugway Proving Grounds: - Flight of the Biosensor, G. P. Anderson et. al., 1997 NRL Review. Flying Laboratory• September 22, 2013 • Page 3 The Flying Laboratory is an Integrated System . The Flying Laboratory integrates detection and collection products from the world’s best counter-terrorism equipment companies onto a single mini-class UAV. Multi-step protocols such as detection, collection, and analysis can be programmed by the user and automatically performed during flight. System capabilities can be modified to meet customer needs and budget within the constraints of UAV payload size and weight limits. Flying Laboratory• September 22, 2013 • Page 4 Key Flying Laboratory Features . Full CBRN monitoring plus video and thermal IR options . Instrumentation is controlled by a 1GHZ embedded micro-PC. Data is down-linked and also stored on UAV . 10 kg/20 liter payload volume and weight. -30 to 60C operating temperature range. 47 to 130 km/hr speed range; 250 km distance. 13 km manual control distance with 2.4 GHz avionics link or up to 100 km with custom links at other frequencies. Flying Laboratory• September 22, 2013 • Page 5 Typical CBRN Capabilities & Response Times . Toxic chemicals and chemical warfare agents – Less than 10 seconds . Biological aerosol detection – 60 seconds . Biological aerosol collection – Collection time set by user . Radioisotopes and SNMs – Less than 2 seconds . Radiological aerosol collection – Collection time set by user Flying Laboratory• September 22, 2013 • Page 6 Customer-Specific System Configuration . It is not necessary to select all detection options . RI is willing to provide systems that have only customer-specific threat monitoring capabilities. System cost is more flexible. In some cases, additional threat monitoring modes may be added later. Avionics operation will be tailored to user needs; automatic landing available for less experienced. Flights may be preprogrammed or manually controlled by user. Some equipment may be export controlled and the customer may need to submit end user documentation. Flying Laboratory• September 22, 2013 • Page 7 Fitting CBRN Capabilities into a Mini-UAV . Putting a rectilinear-shaped payload into a UAV’s payload section would usually waste space. In addition, the process of air sampling may affect UAV flight behavior. RI uses 3D solid modeling software to optimize packing density and to ensure the payload is distributed properly relative to the center of gravity. Integrated CBRN package . The solid model is then loaded into a 3D computational fluid dynamics program which examines the effect of external modifications and air sampling on aerodynamics. This rigorous approach minimizes later surprises in the air. Flying Laboratory• September 22, 2013 • Page 8 Flying Laboratory Detailed Description Flying Laboratory• September 22, 2013 • Page 9 UAV Airframe . The airframe is supplied by the UAV Factory, sited in Jelgava, Latvia, and is tradenamed the “Penguin B.” . It falls in the “mini-class” of UAVs, weighing about 10 kg. The Penguin B consists of an airframe, engine flight control hardware and optional generator. Buyers must provide avionics, communications, and other necessities. The airframe has been adopted by users worldwide including the USA, Canada, New Zealand, Spain, Australia, Israel, S. Korea, U.K., Finland, Russia, India, Malaysia, Indonesia, Poland, Norway, Malta, Kuwait and Switzerland. Flying Laboratory• September 22, 2013 • Page 10 Toxic Chemical Detectors . There are perhaps thousands of chemicals that could be used by terrorists. One class are the conventional chemical warfare agents. A second class consists of those chemicals that are both toxic and commonly used in industry. A third class are combustible gases- not toxic, but potentially very dangerous. The Flying Laboratory monitors for all these threats by using multiple gas detection technologies. Flying Laboratory• September 22, 2013 • Page 11 Chemicals Generally Considered to be Warfare Agents . Chemical warfare agents are used to incapacitate, injure or kill at very small air concentrations. About 70 chemicals have been used in this way. The Table below lists the more common chemical warfare agents. Chemicals Often used as Chemical Warfare Agents Class of Type/IDLH Symptoms Effects Rate of Action Agent (mg/m3) Nerve GA/0.1 Difficulty breathing, Incapacitates at low Vapors: seconds to minutes GB/0.1 sweating, drooling, concentrations. Kills in sufficient dosage. VX Skin: 2 to 18 hours GD/0.05 convulsions, dimming is persistent and a contact hazard. The GF/0.05 of vision. other agents are non-persistent and present VX/0.003 an inhalation hazard. Blood AC/55.0 Rapid breathing, Kills in sufficient dosage. Non-persistent Immediate CK/10.0 convulsions, and and an inhalation hazard. coma Blister HD/0.07 No early symptoms. Blisters delayed hours to days; eyes and Vapors: 4 to 6 hours HN/7.0 Searing/stinging of lungs affected more rapidly. Immediate Skin: 2-48 hours HL/0.003 eyes and skin. pain, delayed blisters. Persistent and a L/0.003 contact hazard Choking CG(phosgene)/8.1 Difficulty Damages and floods lungs. Death can Immediate to 3 hours DP(diphosgene)/16. breathing; tearing result. Non-persistent and an inhalation of the eyes hazard. Flying Laboratory• September 22, 2013 • Page 12 Detector For Chemical Warfare Agents . Ion Mobility Spectrometer (IMS): Optional small device suppliers include ChemRing, Owlstone, Smiths Detection and Bruker. New technologies can identify all standard chemical warfare agents from the previously shown Table and many Toxic Industrial Chemicals simultaneously. New devices offer features such as reduced size and power consumption, positive and negative ion detection, and elimination of radiation source. Only consumable is a water absorbing cartridge with a 200 to 1500 hour typical life, depending on supplier. Maintenance protocols must be followed for optimal performance. Flying Laboratory• September 22, 2013 • Page 13 Toxic Industrial Chemicals . With consideration of toxicity, availability, volumetric poisoning efficiency and vapor pressure, industrial chemicals can be ranked in terms of their overall favorability for use by terrorists. Top Threats Based on a Ranking of NATO-Designated Dangerous . Such an Chemicals Rank TIC IDLH World Production Gas Pressure IDLH multiplier for 1 analysis (ppm) (Millions of (Atm. at 20C) liter of TIC into 1000 metric tons) m3 volume of air provides a 1 Chlorine 10 62.8 6.7 48.3 2 Hydrogen chloride 50 20. 40 19.7 logical way to 3 Sulfur dioxide 100 >100. 3.35 5.2 4 Ammonia 300 131. 8.8 2.9 anticipate and 5 Phosgene 2 3.0 1.55 174 6 Hydrogen fluoride 30 1.0 1.06 38.7 plan for the 7 Hydrogen cyanide 50 1.1 0.82 12.2 8 Arsine 3 No data-small 14.8 128 most likely 9 WF6 0.53 No data-small 1.16 546 threats. 10 Boron trichloride 25 No data-small 1.35 11.1 11 Nitric acid (2) 25 50-60 0.066 23.1 12 Sulfuric acid (2) 3.7 180. <0.001 122 13 Hydrogen sulfide 100 Small-90% natural 17.9 5.5 Based on NATO 14 Ethylene oxide 800 19. 1.4 0.60 International Task 15 Formaldehyde (2) 20 8.7 0.26 32.5 Force 25 (ITF-25) 16 PCl3 (2) 25 0.33 0.13 11.0 Report, “Hazard for 17 Carbon disulfide 500 1.8 0.40 0.8 Industrial Chemicals: 18 Diborane 15 No data-small 10 (1) 0.66 Reconnaissance of 19 Fluorine 25 <0.01 est. 10 (1) 0.4 Industrial Hazards. “ 20 Boron trifluoride 25 No data-small 10 (1) 0.4 21 Hydrogen bromide 30 No data-small 10 (1) 0.34 1) For gases above their critical point at 20C, 1 liter of each gas at 10 atmospheres was assumed. 2) Requires explosive charge or atomizing device for effective use Flying Laboratory• September 22, 2013 • Page 14 Detector for Hazardous Industrial Chemicals . A 6-gas electrochemical gas detector array with microprocessor-based electronics is also installed. This proprietary OEM system is designed and manufactured to RI Specifications by a foreign supplier. 1 second update rate. 10 second alarm response to step change in gas level . Quantitative calibrated output, comparable sensitivity to IMS Electrochemical cell . Operating range: -30° to 60°C. with transmitter electronics . Typical cell life of 2 to 3 years. Flying Laboratory• September 22, 2013 • Page 15 Current Electrochemical Gas Detectors Offered Rank Toxic Industrial Chemical (TIC) Resolution IDLH (% of IDLH) (ppm) 1 Chlorine 1.% 10ppm 2 Hydrogen chloride 0.2 50 3 Sulfur dioxide 0.5 100 4 Ammonia 0.67 300 5 Phosgene 1. 2 6 Hydrogen fluoride 0.33 30 7 Hydrogen cyanide 0.4 50 8 Arsine 1. 3 11 Nitric acid (2)/(NO2) 0.5 25/(20) 13 Hydrogen sulfide 0.1 100 14 Ethylene oxide 0.013 800 18 Diborane 0.2 15 19 Fluorine 0.08 25 . A 0-100% LEL combustible gas sensor is also available with1% resolution. IDLH means “Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health.” Flying Laboratory• September 22, 2013 • Page 16 Bioaerosol Detection: TacBio™ . Developed by U.S. Army, licensed to Research InternationaI in 2010.