Anti Corruption Legal Assessment Study TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS.........................................................................................................................5 CHAPTER ONE: BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY...................................................................................................................7 1.0 INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................................................................7 1.1.OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ..............................................................................................................................................9 1.2. METHODOLOGY.............................................................................................................................................................9 1.3. EXPECTED OUTPUTS ....................................................................................................................................................10 1.5. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY ............................................................................................................................................10 CHAPTER TWO: GOVERNMENTAL FRAMEWORK FOR COMBATING CORRUPTION..........................................................11 2.0 INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................................................................11 2.1 EXECUTIVE..............................................................................................................................................................11 2.2 LEGISLATURE ..........................................................................................................................................................15 2.2.1. Committee System ............................................................................................................................................15 2.2.2. Public Accounts Committee................................................................................................................................16 2.2.3. Budget Oversight ..............................................................................................................................................17 2.2.4. Government Borrowing......................................................................................................................................19 2.2.5. Ratification.......................................................................................................................................................21 2.3 THE JUDICIARY ........................................................................................................................................................23 B. NON-GOVERNMENTAL STAKEHOLDERS PARTICIPATION IN COMBATING CORRUPT ION............................................28 2.4 CIVIL SOCIETY..........................................................................................................................................................28 2.5 MEDIA.......................................................................................................................................................................31 2.5.1. Media Ownership ..............................................................................................................................................32 2.5.2. Media Law Reforms...........................................................................................................................................32 2.5.3 Media Coverage on Corruption ............................................................................................................................34 2.6.PRIVATE SECTOR ....................................................................................................................................................34 2.6.1. Corporate Governance......................................................................................................................................36 2.7. DONOR ANTI-CORRUPTION INITIATIVES.................................................................................................................38 THE DONORS HAVE SUPPORTED THE FOLLOWING ANTI-CORRUPTION INITIATIVES:......................................................39 CHAPTER THREE: WATCHDOG INSTITUTIONS ..................................................................................................................41 3.0. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................................................41 3.1 MANDATE OF THE ANTI-CORRUPTION COMMISSION (ACC)....................................................................................41 3.1.1. Establishment and legal basis of the Commission ................................................................................................42 3.1.2. Membership of the Commission..........................................................................................................................43 3.1.3. Management of the Commission.........................................................................................................................43 3.1.4. Reporting..........................................................................................................................................................44 3.1.5. Definition of Corruption ......................................................................................................................................45 3.1.6. Application of the Act.........................................................................................................................................46 3.1.7. Presumptions ....................................................................................................................................................47 3.1.8 Extra Territorial Jurisdiction.................................................................................................................................47 3.1.9. Powers of Investigations ....................................................................................................................................47 3.1.10 Prosecution......................................................................................................................................................48 3.1.11 Pardon ............................................................................................................................................................48 3.1.12. Evaluation.......................................................................................................................................................48 3.2. ZAMBIA NATIONAL TENDER BOARD........................................................................................................................49 2 3.2.1. Principles of Procurement ..................................................................................................................................49 3.2.3. Zambia National Tender Board Act .....................................................................................................................50 3.2.4. Membership of the Board...................................................................................................................................51 3.2.5. Financial Disclosure Statements .........................................................................................................................52 3.2.6. Open Meetings ..................................................................................................................................................52 3.2.7. Commitment and Expenditure Control .................................................................................................................52 3.2.8. Single Sourcing ............................................................................................................................................... 522 3.2.9. Assessment of the ZNTB Act..............................................................................................................................54 3.2.10. Measures to Combat Corruption in the Procurement Process ..............................................................................54 3.3 OMBUDSMAN ...........................................................................................................................................................55 3.3.1 The Investigator General.....................................................................................................................................56 3.3.2. The Role of the Ombudsman in Anti-Corruption Programmes ................................................................................61 3.3.3. Assessment of the Investigator General ..............................................................................................................61 3.3.4. Measures to Reform the Investigator General ......................................................................................................62 3.4. AUDITOR GENERAL.................................................................................................................................................62 3.4.1. The Relationship between the Auditor General and the National Assembly.............................................................66