257 Damietta University Faculty of Arts Ahad Ha'am's Cultural Zionism as a Global Phenomenon. By Shaimaa Mohamed Hassanin 257 258 258 259 Ahad Ha'am's Cultural Zionism as a Global Phenomenon. Cultural Zionism is a type of Zionism that values and appreciates Jewish culture, history and language. Asher Ginzberg (1856- 1927), who is known by his Hebrew name as Ahad Ha'am, one of the people, is the founder of cultural Zionism. He noticed that Jews' problems were imbedded in Judaism, so he planned to revitalize the idea of religion in the mind of every Jew. He also discovered that the solution of the problem was in the idea of nationalism that could connect Jews to Judaism by figuring out fresh ideas. Ha'am was born in Skvyra, Russia in 1856 to Hasidic parents. When he was a child, he started to learn Russian alphabets and philosophy. Later, Ha'am's family moved to Kiev where his father assigned him private teachers, because he discovered that his son had a talent in writing. Though Ha'am excelled in his study, he did not forget his Jewish heritage and teachings of Judaism. In his youth, Ha'am was much influenced by Leon Pinsker, the founder and leader of Hovevei Zion, the lovers of Zion movement. This movement encouraged many Jews to settle in Palestine, and it successfully planned for the first Jewish immigration, Aliyah, in 1882. After gaining some experience through the movement, Ha'am travelled to Palestine to closely see the situation. He wrote many reports and essays explaining the situation of the Jewish settlement there, and he warned against the anger of the indigenous inhabitants by declaring: 259 260 We must surely learn, from both our past and present history, how careful we must be not to provoke the anger of the native people by doing them wrong, how we should be cautious in dealings with a [sic] foreign people among whom we returned to live, to handle these people with love and respect and, needless to say, with justice and good judgment. (15) Ha'am recognized the efforts that should be exerted to create the spiritual centre in Palestine. He realized that the bases of this centre should be built on the reviving of Hebrew. Most of the Jews used to speak Yiddish as their official language. Later, the use of Hebrew has been adopted by many Jewish organizations in Palestine as a force that could create the Jewish cultural centre. The place and language are very important, because they are inseparable parts in the process of creating a new culture. Ha'am points out that Hebrew could help value Jewish ideas and solve Jewish questions in different times: The immediate step towards the solution of the Jewish question is the return of the Jews to their own "spiritual possessions "—to the Hebrew language and literature. Only by learning to understand and to value the ideas for which they have stood in the past can they [sic] become capable of desiring to stand for something in the present and the future. (35) Jewish ambition and self-reliance made Ha'am believe that studied plans and organized preparation could create what Jews had ever dreamed of. He called for Jewish settlement in Palestine as a means of gaining international support for Jewish culture. In Palestine, he demanded the Jewish groups to dedicate themselves to the mission of building a Jewish culture based on pride and courage. Also, he believed that new society could plant the seeds of a Jewish cultural centre in the heart of every Jew. 260 261 Ha'am was much interested in Jewish problems in Diasporas and in Palestine. According to him, the Jewish question falls into two forms: one in the East and the other in the West. In the West, the Jewish question has succeeded in making the Jews lose their identity. Then, it has succeeded again in exposing them to anti-Semitism, a fact that has made them go back to their Jewish identity. But on their way back, they have found that the Jewish world has been no more than a part of their culture. So, they have aspired to create a Jewish state, where they can get their essentials in life without being afraid of losing their Jewish identity again. At least, the idea of having a Jewish homeland would cure Jews from the feeling of denial, loneliness and disappointment. The Eastern Jews have a twofold problem: the physical and cultural. The problems have begun when the Herzelain wave has failed to solve any of the Jews' cultural and spiritual problems. With regard to the physical aspect, Ha'am found out that there was an impossibility of evacuating Europe and other countries of Jews. So, the Jewish state would only include a section of Jews in Palestine. Eventually, solving the physical problem would mainly depend on the economic conditions and cultural levels of different Diasporas. Consequently, Ha'am discovered that the main cultural problem could be solved by resorting to Jewish nationalism and identity. He claimed that the Jewish religion, despite its stagnation, was more appropriate than any other religion to the cultural centre. Judaism has emphasized the importance of collective and rational minds, which could build a cultural centre. Through the update process of religion, Ha'am mixed the spirit and body to create a full body of the Jewish state. For him, the only possible way to unite 261 262 body and soul is the revival of the Hebrew spirit through the creation of a concrete Jewish life in Palestine. In the middle of the nineteenth century, there was a general trend towards Jewish nationalism that began to prevail among Jews in Eastern Europe. Also, Hebrew was no longer the sacred tongue of Jews, but it has become the language of secular Jewish literature. Ha'am contributed to this trend and added secular pigments to religious concepts such as: 'God chosen people', 'super nation', 'superman' and 'superior nation'. Of course, these terms have encouraged Jews to create their own dream. Ha'am notes: If we agree, then, that the Superman is the goal of all things, we must needs agree also that an essential condition of the attainment of this goal is the Supernation: that is to say, there must be a single nation better adapted than other nations, by virtue of its inherent characteristics, to moral development, and ordering its whole life in accordance with a moral law which stands higher than the common type. This nation will then serve as the soil essentially and supremely fitted to produce that fairest of all fruits— the Superman. (228) Based on secular pigments and religious concepts, Ha'am put his own theory of cultural Zionism, which aimed to promote traditional Jewish culture in order to co-exist with modern ages. This could be accomplished within the framework of Jewish nationalism. Therefore, Ha'am suggested creating a cultural centre in Palestine before the establishment of a Jewish state. Such a centre could consolidate the Jewish identity that should keep up with modern concepts. In Palestine, Jews could settle and work in various branches of life such as: farming, manual works and industry. By time, this natural and cultural centre could become a centre of national spirit. Also, it could be developed to the highest degree of perfection. 262 263 According to Ha'am, the solution of Jews' problems could be found in the efforts of Jewish groups existing in different areas around the world. He saw these groups as the seeds of his cultural centre. In order to create such a centre, Ha'am had to solve two main problems facing his program. First, his program never mentioned the mechanisms of establishing the cultural centre. Also, it never raised the issue of political centre but it left these matters vague. It probably left these things to the advocates of practical Zionism that took care of such procedures, such as: expropriation of the land and expulsion of its inhabitants. Second, Ha'am raised the problem of rejecting all existing Jewish cultures, both Yiddish in Eastern Europe or Sephardic in eastern countries. But, he was not much worried about these problems, and he put what he has called Jewish culture in Palestine as an alternative to all these kinds of cultures. After a while, Ha'am joined the field of Zionist activity, and he started by being the leader and thinker of Hibbat Zion, the lovers of Zion. Soon, he criticized the policy of this group, because it was calling for settlement in Palestine as a first step to create his cultural centre. He refused such an attitude and started to search for other suitable procedures, which could guarantee the right way of his cultural Zionism. He expresses his opinion about the settlement in Palestine in an essay called 'This is not the way' or 'The wrong way': It [cultural Zionism] needs not an independent State, but only the creation in its native land of conditions favorable to its development: a good-sized settlement of Jews working without hindrance in every branch of culture, from agriculture and handicrafts to science and literature. This Jewish settlement, which will be a gradual growth, will become in course of time the centre of the nation. (37) 263 264 The solidarity of Jews in a cultural centre has been seen as an essential part in the process of establishing a Jewish state. If Jews' presence has been impossible without the state, the presence of a small state would have been impossible without Jews from Diasporas.