Notes Introduction: the Rise and Decline of British Bolshevism 1. C. Bambery ‘Introduction’, in B. Pearce and M. Woodhouse, A History of Communism In Britain (London: Bookmarks, 1995 edn), p. iv. 2. D. Gluckstein The Tragedy of Bukharin (London: Pluto Press, 1994), pp. 171–81. 3. R. Darlington The Political Trajectory of J. T. Murphy (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1998), p. 136. 4. K. McDermott, ‘The history of the Comintern in the light of new docu- ments’, International Communism and the Communist International 1919–1943 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998), p. 33. 5. E. Hobsbawm, Age of Extremes: the Short Twentieth Century 1914–1991 (London: Michael Joseph, 1994), p. 71. 6. S. Fielding, ‘British Communism: Interesting but irrelevant?’, Labour History Review 60/2 (1995), pp. 120–3; also J. Saville, ‘The “Crisis” in Labour History: a Further Comment’, Labour History Review 61/3 (1996), pp. 322–8. A. Thorpe, ‘Comintern “Control” of the Communist Party of Great Britain’, English Historical Review 63/452 (1998), pp. 610–36; J. Klugmann, History of the Communist Party of Great Britain: Volume 1. Formation and Early Years 1919–1924 (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1969); J. Klugmann, History of the Communist Party of Great Britain: Volume 2. The General Strike 1925–1926 (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1969); F. King and G. Matthews (eds), About Turn: the Communist Party and the Outbreak of the Second World War (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1990). 7. P. Anderson, ‘Communist Party History’, in R. Samuel (ed.), People’s History and Socialist Theory (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1981), pp. 145–57; K. Morgan, Against Fascism and War: Ruptures and Continuities in British Communist Politics 1935–1941 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1989), p. 9. 8. N. Fishman, The British Communist Party and the Trade Unions 1933–1945 (London: Scolar Press, 1995); W. Thompson, The Good Old Cause: British Communism 1920–1991 (London: Pluto, 1992). 9. H. Pelling, The British Communist Party: a Historical Profile (London: Adam and Charles Black, 1958); J. Klugmann, History of the Communist Party: Volume 1; and J. Klugmann, History of the Communist Party: Volume 2. For Cold War perspectives, see E. Hoffer, The True Believer: Thoughts on the Nature of Mass Movements (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1951); and C. H. Rolph, All Those in Favour (London: André Deutsch, 1962). 10. F. Newton, The Sociology of British Communism (London: Allen Lane, 1969), p. 154; D. T. Denver and J. M. Bochel, ‘The Political Socialisation of Activists in the British Communist Party’, British Journal of Political Science 3 (1973), pp. 53–71. 188 Notes 189 11. J. Hinton, The First Shop Stewards Movement (London: Pluto, 1973); J. Hinton and R. Hyman, Trade Unions and Revolution: the Industrial Politics of the early British Communist Party (London: Pluto, 1975); R. Croucher, Engineers at War (London: Merlin Press, 1982). 12. Pearce and Woodhouse, A History of Communism in Britain; L. Macfarlane, The British Communist Party: its Origins and Development until 1929 (London: MacGibbon and Kee, 1966); Morgan, Against Fascism and War, pp. 6–7. 13. Karl Marx, ‘18th Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte’ in Karl Marx and Frederick Engels Selected Works (London, 1968), p. 96. 14. ‘Left-Wing Communism: an infantile disorder’, in V. I. Lenin, Collected Works 31 (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1966), pp. 77–89, 101. 15. Fishman, The British Communist Party, p. 8. 16. N. Branson, History of the Communist Party of Great Britain 1927–1941 (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1985). 17. K. McDermott and J. Agnew, The Comintern: a History of International Communism from Lenin to Stalin (London: Macmillan, 1996); Morgan, Against Fascism and War, pp. 5–6, p. 175; S. Bornstein and A. Richardson, War and the International: a History of the Trotskyist Movement in Britain 1937–1949 (Ilford: Socialist Platform, 1986), p. 26. Such attacks were probably most fre- quent between 1941 and 1945, interview with Frank Henderson, 10 July 1996; interview with Duncan Hallas, 16 September 1996. 18. Thompson, The Good Old Cause; Beckett, Enemy Within; K. Laybourn and D. Murphy, Under the Red Flag: a History of Commission in Britain (London: Sutton, 1999). 19. Thompson, The Good Old Cause. 20. Cited in Hinton and Hyman, Trade Unions and Revolution, p. 7. 21. J. T. Murphy, Preparing for Power: a Critical Study of the British Working-Class Movement (London: Pluto Press, 1972 edn), p. 219. 22. Thompson, The Good Old Cause, p. 8; Pearce and Woodhouse, A History of Communism in Britain. 23. Hinton and Hyman, Trade Unions and Revolution, p. 73. 24. N. Branson, History of the Communist Party of Great Britain 1941–1951 (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1997), p. 198. 25. A. Thorpe, The British Communist Party and Moscow 1920–1943 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000), p. 5; Thorpe, ‘Comintern “Control”‘, pp. 641–7; see also A. Thorpe, ‘The Communist International and the British Communist Party’, in T. Rees and A. Thorpe, International Communism and the Communist International (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998), pp. 67–86. 26. J. Waterson, ‘The Party at its Peak’, International Socialism Journal 69 (1995), pp. 77–85; C. Rosenberg, ‘Labour and the Fight against Fascism’, International Socialism Journal 39 9 (1998), pp. 55–95. 27. P. Cohen, Children of the Revolution; Communist Childhood in Cold War Britain (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1997), p. 61; I. Birchall, ‘The British Communist Party’, International Socialism 50 (1972), pp. 24–34. 28. Cohen, Children of the Revolution. 29. J. Higgins, ‘The Minority Movement’, International Socialism 45 (1970), pp. 12–18. 190 Notes 1 High hopes: 1920–28 1. W. Kendall, The Revolutionary Movement in Britain 1900–1921: the Origins of British Communism (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1969), p. 299; J. Hinton and R. Hyman, Trade Unions and Revolution: the Industrial Politics of the Early British Communist Party (London: Pluto, 1975), p. 73. 2. M. Crick, The History of the Social-Democratic Federation (Keele: Keele University Press, 1994), p. 7. 3. K. Laybourn, The Rise of Socialism in Britain (Sutton: Stroud, 1997), p. 9. 4. The foundation of the SLP is described in R. Challinor, The Origins of British Bolshevism (London: Croom Helm, 1977), p. 9, 23. For the ideology of the pre- 1914 left, see L. Barrow and I. Bullock, Democratic Ideas and the British Labour Movement, 1880–1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996). 5. Rothstein’s activities are discussed in John Saville’s ‘Introduction’ to T. Rothstein, From Chartism to Labourism: Historical Sketches in the English Working Class Movement (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1983 edn), pp. v–xxvi. 6. M. Trudell, ‘Prelude to Revolution: Class Consciousness and the First World War’, International Socialism Journal 76 (1997), pp. 67–108; and I. Birchall, ‘The Vice-Like hold of Nationalism? A Comment on Megan Trudell’s “Prelude to Revolution”, International Socialism Journal 78 (1998) pp. 133–42. 7. D. Gluckstein, The Western Soviets: Workers’ Councils versus Parliament 1915–1920 (London: Bookmarks, 1985), pp. 62–79; for the ideas of the wartime shop stewards’ movement, J. T. Murphy, The Workers’ Committee: an Outline of its Principles and Structure (London: Pluto, 1972 edn); and W. Gallacher and J. R. Campbell, Direct Action: an Outline of Workshop and Social Organisation (London: Pluto, 1972 edn). 8. C. Rosenberg, 1919: Britain on the Brink of Revolution (London: Bookmarks, 1987). 9. The unity negotiations are discussed in L. J. Macfarlane, The British Communist Party: its Origins and Development until 1929 (London: MacGibbon and Kee, 1966), pp. 47–56. 10. F. Borkenau, World Communism: a History of the Communist International (Michigan: Ann Arbor, 1962), p. 205. 11. R. and E. Frow, The Communist Party in Manchester 1920–1926 (Manchester: Communist Party North West History Group, 1979), pp. 4, 8; D. Burke and F. Lindop, ‘Theodore Rothstein and the Origins of the British Communist Party, Socialist History 15 (1999), pp. 45–65; W. Thompson, The Good Old Cause: British Communism 1920–1991 (London: Pluto, 1992), p. 31. 12. Workers’ Dreadnought, 21 February 1920. 13. V. I. Lenin, ‘Left-Wing Communism: an Infantile Disorder’, in V. I. Lenin, Collected Works 31 (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1966), pp. 77–89, 85. 14. H. McShane and J. Smith, No Mean Fighter (London: Pluto, 1978), pp. 123–5; D. Sherry, J. Maclean (London: Socialist Workers Party, 1998), pp. 53–4; N. Milton, John Maclean (London: Pluto, 1973), pp. 227–31; N. Milton (ed.), John Maclean, in the Rapids of Revolution: Essays, Articles and Letters 1902–23 (London: Allison and Busby, 1978), pp. 224–5. Notes 191 15. T. Bell, The British Communist Party: a Short History (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1937), pp. 67–8; D. Hallas, The Comintern (London: Bookmarks, 1985) pp. 43–6. 16. A. Hutt, The Postwar History of the British Working Class (London: Victor Gollancz, 1937), p. 56. 17. A. Callinicos, Socialists in the Trade Unions (London: Bookmarks, 1995); R. Michels, Political Parties (Glencoe, Illinois: The Free Press, 1959 edn). 18. R. Hyman,’Communist Industrial Policy in the 1920s’, International Socialism 53 (1972), pp. 14–22, 15. 19. A. Adler (ed.), Theses, Resolutions and Manifestos of the First Four Congresses of the Third International (London: Pluto, 1983), p. 202; J. Hinton, Labour and Socialism: a History of the British Labour Movement 1867–1974 (Brighton: Wheatsheaf, 1983), p. 138. 20. Hinton and Hyman, Trade Unions and Revolution, pp. 14, 22; J. Higgins, ‘The Minority Movement’, International Socialism 45 (1970), pp. 12–18, 15. Jimmy Thomas’s ‘last supper’ is recorded in Communist Cartoons (London: James Klugmann Pictorials, 1982 edn), pp. 44–5. 21. R. Martin Communism and the British Trade Unions 1924–1933: a Study of the National Minority Movement (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969), p. 1. 22. Higgins, ‘The Minority Movement’, pp. 15–16.