ACTA BOTANICA NEERLANDICA, Vol. 2 (2), 1953 A Monograph of the Vochysiaceae. III. Qualea 1 BY F.A. Stafleu (Utrecht) (Received February 10th, 1953) The is found in South genus Qualea tropical America, particularly in the Hylaea and in the Extra Amazonian part of the Brazilian mainland it 59 defined in this (see fig. 3); comprises species as paper. forest in the Amazonian Many species are trees occurring basin, a number are found in the Brazilian Atlantic coastal forests, whereas other of the of the interior species are typical trees campos plateau. The genus was first described by Aublet in 1775; its name is a latinization of the vernacular name “Qualé” used by the “Caribbean” inhabitants of French Guiana. Aublet described rosea Q. (type and (Q. coerulea the first exhaustive and species) ; morphologically A. St. Hilaire who correct description was given by de (1820) the in his established of the placed genus newly family Vochysiaceae. Acknowledgments The continuation of the revision of the Vochysiaceae has been made possible by the courtesy and the co-operation of the herbaria and in institutions listed the second part of this monograph. The author wishes his sincerest thanks the directors of to express once again to these institutions who placed their very important collections at his in such and He had the disposal a courteous generous manner. oppor- tunity of visiting the herbaria in Leiden, London (British Museum of Natural and while his History) Paris; it was privilege to accomplish his task at the Utrecht Botanical Museum. His grateful acknowledg- the directors and staff of these their ments go to herbaria; great and help kind hospitality were of great value to him. abbreviations for The the herbaria used in this publication are those proposed in the Index Herbariorum of the International Associ- ation for Plant Taxonomy (see Lanjouw et Stafleu 1952). 1 Part I, ( Salverlia and Vochysia) in Rec. Trav. Bot. Neerl. 41: 397-540. 1948; also in Med. Bot. Mus. Utr. 95 : 397-540. Part II ( Callisthene) in Acta Bot. Neerl. 1: 222-242. 1952; also in Med. Bot. Mus. Utrecht 108; 222-242. 1952. MONOGRAPH OF VOCHYSIACEAE 111 145 Morphological remarks Qualea constitutes with the genera Salvertia, Vochysia and Callisthene the tribe of the Dumort. Vochysieae (1829 p. 6). The of these discussed in comparative morphology genera was some detail in the second this part of monograph. The following remarks l are concerned with the variation within the Qualea mainly genus . The diagrams of the flowers of some species of Qualea are given in 1. Not of flower which be encountered in this fig. every type may is genus represented in this figure: the variable number of staminodes wittrockii a. Qualea Malme b. Qualea themistodesii Ducke c. Qualeasubgenus Amphilochia d. Quaea fermginea Steyermark Fig. 1. Diagrams. and with the absence of rudimentary petals, together presence or a unilateral indumentum on the stamen provide many possibilities. A. Calyx. In the subgenus Qualea the fourth and major lobe of the calyx is provided with a distinct spur; this spur is absent in the from this absence of subgenus Amphilochia. Apart presence or a spur of two types calyx may be distinguished: The The fourth lobe is I. Vochysia type (see e.g. fig. 4c). (spurred) other three or more times longer and always much wider than the The the lobes. latter are closely adpressed against former. This type 1 The the is 152. subdivision of genus Qualea given on p. 146 F. A. STAFLEU of calyx is found in Vochysia and Callisthene, and in Qualea sect. Trichanthera. The Salvertia The fourth II. type, (see e.g. fig. 13d). (spurred) lobe is about as large as the other lobes; the latter are never closely This is found adpressed against the former. type in Salvertia, Erisma and Erismadelphus ; in Qualea it is found in all species except in those belonging to the section Trichanthera. B. of The Corolla consists one well developed petal, sometimes flanked by one or two rudimentary ones (see fig. 1). This petal of — Qualea like the central petal of Vochysia — corresponds to the third petal of Salvertia (see diagrams in Stafleu 1952 p. 224). In the sub- small be found in genus Qualea rudimentary petals may occasionally the the lateral of In this latter same positions as petals Vochysia. genus the lateral petals are only rarely reduced or absent; in Qualea this is the rule. It is often difficult to decide whether organs found in this position are staminodes or petals: the staminodes in Qualea (and in Vochysia) belong to the second cycle of stamens situated at the base of the when both kinds of is it evident that petals. Only organs are present the flimsy straps flanking the main petal do indeed represent the lateral petals (the numbers 1 and 5 of the theoretical cycle). C. Androecium. The only fertile stamen stands in front of the first calyx-lobe outside the plane of symmetry; it therefore belongs to a cycle alternating with the corolla. The staminodes (0, 1, 2, or 3) always belong to a second — alternating — cycle. In different flowers of one species and even of one specimen the number of staminodes and this is also true of the rudi- may vary as it is evident that different combinations mentary petals many may be seen. These types have only slight taxonomic value: the most flowers in complete are found the section Trichanthera; some of the species of sect. Qualea and sect. Costatifolium are also provided with but in the section and in the rudimentary organs, Polytrias subgenus Amphilochia none are found. Two of fertile be types stamen may distinguished: 1. Innate (also in Salvertia, Vochysia and Callisthene). In Qualea stamens in of this type occur in the section Trichanthera which they are provided with unilateral la a beard (cf. fig. and 8d). 2. Dorsifixed (also in Erisma and Erismadelphus). All other species of have of this the Qualea stamens type; filament is attached either to the centre of the connective (sect. Costatifolium) or somewhat above the base of the back (fig. 12c and 13c). D. Stipules. One of the main peculiarities of Qualea is the manifold specialization of the stipules. They provide characters which arc of great importance for the determination of sterile specimens. is the This usefulness enhanced by the fact that specializations are generally characteristic of the species concerned. Glands. a. The following types may be distinguished: 1. Transformed stipules (see fig. 2 and 7). The stipules are fully devel- the is often base is oped; apex short and deciduous or caducous; the MONOGRAPH OF VOCHYSIACEAE 111 147 This base be swollen in and remain glandular. may youth (fig. 2) even so for its life time, but more often it is transformed into a crateriform round and “gland” which is rather flat, elliptic or provided with a thick-walled often light-coloured margin (see fig. 7). Only a careful anatomical investigation of duly conserved materia 2. Glands in the b. transformed Fig. genus Qualea. a. Axillary glands; young stipules; c. true extrafloral nectaries. 148 F. A. STAFLEU would make it clear whether the inside of these “glands” is indeed glandular. is in number from all This type of gland present quite a of species tessmannii. groups, e.g. Q. calophylla, Q. rigida, Q. grandiflora, Q. 2. Stipular glands (fig. 4 and 9). The stipules are represented by the crateriform described above. The is absent. This is glands apex type found in most species. 3. The Axillary glands (fig. 2 and 10). stipules are complete, either In flat or incrassate. their axils glands are found which show a great resemblance those of the first to two types. In some cases, however, (fig. 10) they are subglobose with a narrow mouth. All are provided wall. of this found in with a thick callous margin or Glands type are Poulsen 1876 e.g.yQ. ingens, Q. lineata, Q. glaziovii (see p. 273), Q. elegans (glands in serial pairs). 4. True extrafloral nectaries. Poulsen (1881) has demonstrated with the in pickled material that structures as depicted our fig. 2 are other indeed extrafloral nectaries. These are tube-shaped (in cases situated in axils subglobose or urceolar), thin-walled nectaries, the of the stipules. Here too the bases of the stipules may be either flat nectaries found or incrassate (subglandular). Such are in Q. gestasiana, and Q. amoena, Q. magna, Q. paraensis Q. rosea. b. The “stipular ridge”. Sometimes the stipules of opposite This leaves are connected by a narrow transverse elevated line. ridge into the bases of the It is to make a com- merges stipules. interesting parison with the situation found in the Trigoniaceae where the stipules often the time are interpetiolar and at same not connate. often E. The vegetative buds of Qualea are very peculate, that number small is, furnished with a of protective scales (see also II As in these scales part p. 225). Callisthene, or cataphyls, are more less and be found the bases of the or persistent they are to at young branchlets. The basal ones are crowded and the respective internodes in the are correspondingly short. This is especially so species of sub- genus Amphilochia. — in II F. The inflorescence as always this family (see part — cincinnus It is therefore p. 226) is characterized by the (fig. le). remarkable that Q. cymulosa, the only Central American species of the three-flowered genus, has a panicle of distinctly peduncled This feature this regular cymes. separates already geographically isolated species from all others. Geobotanical and ecological remarks The from It area of Qualea is continuous, as can be seen fig.