Law Enforcement Executive FORUM FBI: 100 Years of Cooperation January 2008 Law Enforcement Executive Forum Illinois Law Enforcement Training and Standards Board Executive Institute Western Illinois University 1 University Circle Macomb, IL 61455-1390 Senior Editor Thomas J. Jurkanin, PhD Editor Vladimir A. Sergevnin, PhD Associate Editors Jennifer Allen, PhD Department of Law Enforcement and Justice Administration, Western Illinois University Barry Anderson, JD Department of Law Enforcement and Justice Administration, Western Illinois University Tony Barringer, EdD Division of Justice Studies, Florida Gulf Coast University Lewis Bender, PhD Department of Public Administration and Policy Analysis, Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville Michael Bolton, PhD Chair, Department of Criminal Justice and Sociology, Marymount University Dennis Bowman, PhD Department of Law Enforcement and Justice Administration, Western Illinois University Becky K. da Cruz Criminal Justice and Law and Society, Armstrong Atlantic State University Jose de Arimateia da Cruz Political Science and Comparative Politics, Armstrong Atlantic State University Weysan Dun Special Agent-in-Charge, FBI, New York Division Kenneth Durkin, MD Department of Law Enforcement and Justice Administration, Western Illinois University Larry Hoover, PhD Director, Police Research Center, Sam Houston State University William Lewinski, PhD Director, Force Science Research Center, Minnesota State University William McCamey, PhD Department of Law Enforcement and Justice Administration, Western Illinois University John Millner State Senator of 28th District, Illinois General Assembly Stephen A. Morreale, DPA School of Public Policy and Administration/Criminal Justice, Walden University Gregory Boyce Morrison Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Ball State University Michael J. Palmiotto Wichita State University Law Enforcement Executive Forum • 2008 • 8(1) Associate Editors (cont.) Gene L. Scaramella, PhD Dean of Graduate Studies, Ellis College of New York Institute of Technology Wayne Schmidt Director, Americans for Effective Law Enforcement Editorial Production Document and Publication Services, Western Illinois University, Macomb, Illinois Production Assistant Linda Brines The Law Enforcement Executive Forum is published six times per year by the Illinois Law Enforcement Training and Standards Board Executive Institute located at Western Illinois University in Macomb, Illinois. Subscription: $40 (see last page) ISSN 1552-9908 No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission of the publisher. Disclaimer Reasonable effort has been made to make the articles herein accurate and consistent. Please address questions about individual articles to their respective author(s). Law Enforcement Executive Forum • 2008 • 8(1) Table of Contents Editorial ................................................................................................................. i Vladimir A. Sergevnin FBI Centennial A “Most Effective Weapon”: The FBI and the Evolution of Law Enforcement Cooperation ....................................................................... 1 John F. Fox, Jr. FBI and Police Leadership Today and Tomorrow: The Axis of Organizational Authority and Power and Liability within Law Enforcement ............................................................................................... 13 Rande W. Matteson Peter J. Wubbenhorst Joe Little Hostage/Crisis Negotiation: An Exemplar of FBI and Local Enforcement Cooperation ................................................................................ 27 Robert J. Louden The FBI’s Practical Pistol Course: Police Reform, Officer Safety, and Handgun Training in the Mid-20th Century ........................................ 41 Gregory B. Morrison Solving a High-Profile Homicide: The Practical Application of Research, Science, and Investigative Experience ........................................ 65 Mark E. Safarik David Wurtz Immigration and Minorities The Geographic Expansion of Mexican Immigration in the United States and Its Implications for Local Law Enforcement .............. 73 Matthew A. Light Ivan H. Light Perceptions of Policing: A Comparison of Vietnamese and Latino Immigrant Communities ................................................................................. 85 John Song Guadalupe Vidales John Dombrink Investigations Involving Limited English Proficient Populations: Lessons from a Case Study .............................................................................. 109 Christopher W. Ortiz Orlando Rodriguez Law Enforcement Executive Forum • 2008 • 8(1) Thai Police Officers’ Attitudes Toward the Deportation Policy on Non-Documented Workers in Thailand ....................................................... 119 Wittaya Prayongphan Sutham Cheurprakobkit Quang Truong Use of Force Less Lethal Weapons for Law Enforcement: A Performance-Based Analysis ............................................................................................................... 133 Charlie Mesloh Ross Wolf Mark Henych Frank L. Thompson From Villain to Hero: Voices from the Field ................................................... 151 Martha L. Shockey-Eckles Terrorism Bioterrorism Preparedness: What Is the Most Effective Way of Preparedness? ..................................................................................................... 169 Fee F. Habtes Legal Issues Does Ordering an Employee to Refrain from Certain Personal Contacts Violate Constitutional Due Process? The Federal Constitution May Be Violated by “No Contact Orders” ............................ 179 Michael P. Stone Marc J. Berger Book Review Police Ethics: A Matter of Character by Doughlas W. Perez and J. Alan Moore ..................................................................................................... 187 Emran W. Khan Materials/publications are available through the Illinois Law Enforcement Training and Standards Board Executive Institute. Law Enforcement Executive Forum • 2008 • 8(1) Editorial The Federal Bureau of Investigation, the nation’s leading criminal investigation agency, is marking its centennial as a federal law enforcement institution this year by expanding its cooperation with local and state agencies and its international presence. The FBI’s history is one of fascinating and varied achievements. Begun in 1908 through the initiative and dedication of Attorney General Charles Bonaparte during the Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt, the agency has long been a leader in fighting crime and is probably best known for its unique Hollywood profile. It started out with ten former Secret Service employees and a number of Department of Justice investigators with a signature title of Special Agents. On July 26, 1908, Bonaparte ordered them to report to Chief Examiner Stanley W. Finch. This action is celebrated as the beginning of the FBI. Today, the FBI is the principal investigative force of the U.S. Department of Justice, and it would seem absurd for local law enforcement not to be able to rely on more than 12,000 Special Agents and more than 17,000 support professionals such as intelligence analysts, language specialists, scientists, information technology specialists, and others. This collection of articles reflects the history and changing nature of the FBI as well as the growth of its influence in the national law enforcement community in such crucial areas as investigation methodology, advanced technologies applications with a criminal justice dimension, and progressive training. The international dimensions of the FBI’s cooperative efforts include the enforcement of federal violations with a focus on terrorism, drug trafficking, and extradition; the extension of a system of liaison agents abroad; and the promotion of international police training programs. Communication, information sharing, and enthusiastic cooperation with the local, state, and international police constitute the cornerstone of the FBI’s thriving expansion of law and order: I know when I was prosecuting homicides in the District of Columbia, one of the most effective units was the Cold Case Squad, which had on it FBI agents as well as Metropolitan Police Department homicide detectives working together. Robert Mueller FBI Director As the Federal Bureau of Investigation steps into the second century of its successful evolution, there is no doubt that its leadership will continue to be the basis for law enforcement collaboration and that it will remain a crucial factor for American justice for years to come. Vladimir A. Sergevnin Editor Law Enforcement Executive Forum Law Enforcement Executive Forum • 2008 • 8(1) i A “Most Effective Weapon”: The FBI and the Evolution of Law Enforcement Cooperation John F. Fox, Jr. “The most effective weapon against crime is cooperation in the efforts of all law enforcement agencies with the support and understanding of the American People.” J. Edgar Hoover, 1960 Prior to the 20th century, law enforcement cooperation was a matter of ad hoc efforts with little federal involvement. Law enforcement was largely a matter of local, municipal, tribal, and state concern. By the early days of the 20th century, though, revolutions in communications and transportation technology had closed the frontiers. American cities had grown precipitously, and Americans’ awareness of each other’s news and problems through instant media like the telephone and telegraph highlighted social issues like crime in ways previously unimagined.