View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by IDS OpenDocs Mekelle University The School of Graduate Studies Faculty of Dryland Agriculture and Natural Resources THE ROLE OF FOOD FOR WORK TO COOPERATIVES ON HOUSEHOLD FOOD SECURITY IN ENDERTA WOREDA ,T IGRAY ETHIOPIA BY Gedlom Gebremeskel A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Master of Science Degree in Cooperative Marketing Adviser: Dr. Kelemework Tafere June, 2008 Table of Content DECLARATION ……………………………………………………………………………………………….V BIOGRAPHY ...…………………………………………………………………………… IV ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………………………VI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................................... VIII ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS.......................................................................................................... IX LIST OF TABLES...............................................................................................................................................X LIST OF FIGURES........................................................................................................................................... XI CHAPTER-I..........................................................................................................................................................1 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................1 1.1 BACKGROUND ......................................................................................................................................1 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT ..................................................................................................................................3 1.3. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY ...............................................................................................................................5 1.4 HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY ..........................................................................................................................5 1.5 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ..........................................................................................................................6 1.5.1 General objectives ...............................................................................................................................6 1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY .......................................................................................................................6 CHAPETR-II........................................................................................................................................................7 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................................................7 2.1 DEFINITIONS .................................................................................................................................................7 2.2 CORE CONCEPTS ON HOUSEHOLD FOOD SECURITY ......................................................................................8 2.2.2 Access and entitlements .....................................................................................................................10 2.2.3 Security ..............................................................................................................................................11 2.2.4 Time ...................................................................................................................................................12 2.3 FOOD SECURITY SITUATION IN THE WORLD ...............................................................................................13 2.4 REVIEW OF FOOD AID PRACTICES IN ETHIOPIA ..........................................................................................16 2.4.1The History of Food Aid......................................................................................................................16 2.4.2 FOOD FOR WORK IN TIGRAI.........................................................................................................17 2.4.2 Types of food Aid ...............................................................................................................................20 2.5 TARGETING .................................................................................................................................................21 2.6 FOOD AID POLICES FOOD SECURITY AND AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES ............................23 2.6.1 National Policy of Disaster Prevention and Management.................................................................23 2.6.2. The Food Security Strategy...............................................................................................................25 2.7. THE NEW COALITION FOR FOOD AND LIVELIHOOD SECURITY ....................................................................26 2.8. THE PRODUCTIVE SAFETY NET PROGRAMME (PSNP)...............................................................................26 2.9. RURAL DEVELOPMENT POLICIES AND STRATEGIES ...................................................................................27 2.10. RESETTLEMENT .......................................................................................................................................27 2.11 EMPIRICAL REVIEW ..................................................................................................................................28 2.11.1 Empirical review on the disincentive effect of FFW ........................................................................28 CHAPETR-III ....................................................................................................................................................32 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS...................................................................................................................32 3.1 SITE SELECTION AND DESCRIPTION .............................................................................................................32 3.2 GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION AND CLIMATE OF ENDERTA WOREDA .............................................................35 3.3. POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS OF ENDERTA WOREDA ...........................................................................36 3.4 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND FOOD FOR WORK PROJECTS ................................................................38 3.5 DATA SOURCE , SAMPLING AND COLLECTION .............................................................................................38 ii 3.5.1 Data Collection and Methods ............................................................................................................38 3.5.2 Sampling Techniques .........................................................................................................................39 3.6. METHODS OF DATA ANALYSIS ..................................................................................................................40 3.6.1 Empirical Model: Multiple Regression Model...................................................................................41 3.6.1.1 Specification of the Multiple Regression Model..............................................................................41 3.6.1.2 Test for Significance of Regression.................................................................................................42 3.6.1.3 Coefficient of Multiple Determinations...........................................................................................42 3.6.1.4 Working Hypotheses and Definitions of Variables: Socio-Economic Impact.................................43 CHAPTER-IV.....................................................................................................................................................46 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION.....................................................................................................................46 4.1 DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIO -ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF HOUSEHOLDS ...............................................46 4.1.1 Family size and age distribution of households.................................................................................46 4.1.2. Marital Status of Respondents ..........................................................................................................47 4.1.3 Educational status of households.......................................................................................................48 4.1.4 Family Size of the sample households................................................................................................50 4.1.5. Occupation of Respondents...............................................................................................................50 4.1.6. Farm Income.....................................................................................................................................51 4.1.7. Oxen Ownership................................................................................................................................53 4.1.8. Land Holding ....................................................................................................................................54 4.2 PERCEPTION OF BENEFICIARIES AND ROLE OF FOOD FOR WORK ON FOOD SECURITY ................................56 4.2.1