PHASE I CULTURAL RESOURCE SURVEY OF THE CHAIN BRIDGE ROAD SIDEWALK PROJECT AREA, CITY OF FAIRFAX, VIRGINIA by Joseph R. Blondino, M. Chris Manning, and Earl E. Proper Prepared for City of Fairfax and Rinker Design Associates, P.C. Prepared by DOVETAIL CULTURAL RESOURCE GROUP March 2016 Phase I Cultural Resource Survey of the Chain Bridge Road Sidewalk Project Area, City of Fairfax, Virginia by Joseph R. Blondino, M. Chris Manning, and Earl E. Proper Prepared for City of Fairfax 10455 Armstrong Street Fairfax, Virginia 22030 and Rinker Design Associates, P.C. 9385 Discovery Boulevard, Suite 200 Manassas, Virginia 20109 Prepared by Dovetail Cultural Resource Group 300 Central Road, Suite 200 Fredericksburg, Virginia 22401 Dovetail Job #15-054 March 2016 March 29, 2016 Kerri S. Barile, Principal Investigator Date Dovetail Cultural Resource Group This page intentionally left blank ABSTRACT On behalf of Rinker Design Associates, P.C. (Rinker), Dovetail Cultural Resource Group (Dovetail) conducted a Phase I cultural resource survey of the Chain Bridge Road Sidewalk project area in November 2015. The approximately 1,100-foot (335.3-m) project area, located in the City of Fairfax, Virginia, runs generally north-south along the west side of Chain Bridge Road (Route 123) from the intersection with Rust Hill Place, just south of the Accotink Creek bridge, to a driveway approximately 225 feet (68.6 m) north of the intersection with North Street. The study area encompasses an area of approximately 0.4 acres (0.16 ha). The architectural investigation of the Chain Bridge Road Sidewalk project area involved a field survey of all above-ground resources over 50 years in age located within the architectural project area, which is defined as the project footprint plus the area where alterations to a resource’s setting and feeling may occur. Eight previously recorded resources were identified within the architectural project area, two of which are no longer extant. The current survey did not identify any newly recorded above-ground resources within the architectural project area. Dovetail recommends the single-family dwelling at 3936 Chain Bridge Road (151-0003-0018) as requiring additional documentation and research to determine eligibility for National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) listing under Criteria A, B and C. Two additional resources (151-5453 and 151-5466) are no longer extant and are recommended not eligible. Dovetail recommends that the City of Fairfax Historic District (151-0003) remains listed on the NRHP and that the Moore- McCandlish House (151-151-0012; 151-0003-0017) at 3950 Chain Bridge Road remains eligible under Criterion C. Dovetail further recommends the following single-family dwellings are eligible for the NRHP: 3920 Chain Bridge Road (151-0003-0019; Criterion B), 3906 Chain Bridge Road (151-0003-0020; Criterion C), and 3820 Chain Bridge Road (151-151-0003-0021; Criterion C). The resources were not evaluated under Criterion D. The Phase I archaeological survey included a pedestrian reconnaissance to identify areas within the project area that had the potential for intact deposits, as well as to determine which areas did not warrant subsurface testing as a result of disturbance, excessive slope, or buried utilities. Subsurface investigations of the intact portions of the project area were conducted to identify historic resources over 50 years in age and make recommendations on their (NRHP) criteria eligibility. In addition, a metal detector survey was conducted due to the possibility that Civil War deposits might exist in the area. A total of 23 shovel test pits (STPs) was excavated along a single transect running the length of the project area. One new archaeological site was identified (44FX3777), and artifacts were recovered from within the boundaries of a previously recorded site (44FX3237). No intact features or buried surfaces were identified at either of these sites, and artifact density was relatively low. In addition to the two archaeological sites, one Isolated Find (ISF) location was identified. Based on the results of the Phase I archaeological survey, Dovetail recommends that none of these artifact recovery locations are eligible for inclusion on the NRHP and/or contribute to the eligibility of larger sites in the area. i This page intentionally left blank ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................... i INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................................1 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ........................................................................................................3 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING ...............................................................................................5 Geology ..................................................................................................................................5 Hydrology ..............................................................................................................................5 Soils .......................................................................................................................................5 HISTORIC CONTEXT .............................................................................................................7 Prehistoric Period ...................................................................................................................7 Pre-Clovis (?–13,000 B.P.) ................................................................................................7 Paleoindian Period (13,000−10,000 B.P.) .........................................................................8 Archaic Period (10,000–3200 B.P.) ...................................................................................8 Woodland Period (3200–400 B.P.) ....................................................................................9 Contact Period ..................................................................................................................10 Historic Period .....................................................................................................................11 Settlement to Society (1607–1750) ..................................................................................11 Colony to Nation (1750–1789) ........................................................................................11 Early National Period (1789–1830) .................................................................................12 Antebellum Period (1830–1860) ......................................................................................12 Civil War (1861–1865) ....................................................................................................14 Reconstruction and Growth (1865–1917) ........................................................................14 The Twentieth Century (1917–present) ...........................................................................14 PROJECT METHODOLOGY.................................................................................................17 Architectural Survey ............................................................................................................17 Archaeological Survey .........................................................................................................17 Laboratory Analysis .............................................................................................................18 BACKGROUND RESEARCH ...............................................................................................19 Previous Surveys Near Project Area ....................................................................................19 Previous Architectural Surveys ........................................................................................19 Previous Archaeological Surveys ....................................................................................20 Previously Recorded Architectural Resources ....................................................................21 Previously Recorded Archaeological Sites ..........................................................................22 RESULTS OF THE ARCHITECTURAL SURVEY ..............................................................27 RESULTS OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY ..........................................................39 Subsurface Survey ...............................................................................................................43 Previously Recorded Site 44FX3237 ...............................................................................43 Site 44FX3777 .................................................................................................................46 Metal Detector Survey .........................................................................................................47 SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS..........................................................................49 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................51 APPENDIX A: PREVIOUSLY RECORDED ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCES ..............59 APPENDIX B: SHOVEL TEST RECORD ............................................................................75 APPENDIX C: ARTIFACT CATALOG ................................................................................79