Privacy Rights in Connecticut A guide by the American Civil Liberties Union of Connecticut Robert Schultz, a volunteer attorney with the American Civil Liberties Union Foundation of Connecticut, researched and wrote this guide with supervision and editing by Sandra Staub. Jeanne Leblanc also edited and David McGuire reviewed and provided research support. Other volunteers, including Luke Stankiewicz and Anna Keegan, provided research support. EberleArts designed the cover. For online updates to this guide please visit www.acluct.org/privacy Copyright © 2013 by the American Civil Liberties Union of Connecticut All rights reserved American Civil Liberties Union of Connecticut 330 Main St., First Floor Hartford, CT 06106 860-523-9146 www.acluct.org aclu privacy booklet.indd 1 5/8/13 1:32 PM INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 1 Goals of this publication ............................................................................................2 GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND SOURCES OF LAW .............................................. 4 Federal and state constitutional law ..........................................................................4 The Fourth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States ................................4 Constitution of the State of Connecticut, Article 1, Section 7 ......................................9 Federal constitutional right to privacy ......................................................................10 State constitutional right to privacy .........................................................................11 Brandeis's and Warren's tort, invasion of privacy ....................................................11 Unreasonable intrusion upon the seclusion of another .............................................12 Appropriation of another's name or likeness ...........................................................13 Unreasonable publicity of private facts ....................................................................14 Publicity that unreasonably places another in a false light .......................................14 Statutes ..................................................................................................................16 Contracts ................................................................................................................17 Court orders ...........................................................................................................18 WATCHING US WHEREVER WE GO................................................................ 19 Cameras .................................................................................................................21 Drones ...................................................................................................................23 Facial recognition software .....................................................................................24 APLRs – automatic license plate recognition systems .............................................24 GPS and cell towers ................................................................................................25 E-ZPass ..................................................................................................................29 Legislation ..............................................................................................................30 Is constant surveillance bad policy? ........................................................................32 LISTENING TO WHAT WE SAY ....................................................................... 33 Constitutional protections against listening to our conversations .............................33 NSA data mining .....................................................................................................35 Federal statutes concerning electronic eavesdropping ............................................37 PEN Register and Trap and Trace Devices Statute ...................................................37 The Wiretap Act ......................................................................................................37 The Electronic Communications Privacy Act, the Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act, and the Stored Communications Act ...............................38 The Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act ................................................................40 USA-PATRIOT Act ....................................................................................................41 The FISA Amendments Act of 2008 and Extension of 2012 .....................................41 Constitution of the State of Connecticut ..................................................................42 Connecticut statutes concerning electronic eavesdropping by law enforcement ......43 aclu privacy booklet.indd 3 5/8/13 1:32 PM Fusion Centers .......................................................................................................44 State statutes to prohibit eavesdropping by individuals and companies...................44 Hacking ..................................................................................................................45 Contracts ................................................................................................................45 Legislation ..............................................................................................................46 PRIVACY AT WORK ....................................................................................... 48 Phones ...................................................................................................................48 Email and other electronic communications ............................................................50 Video and other surveillance ...................................................................................50 GPS ........................................................................................................................51 Testing ...................................................................................................................51 Drug testing ............................................................................................................51 Personnel records ...................................................................................................52 Constitutional right to informational privacy ............................................................53 Civil litigation and other lawful subpoenas ..............................................................54 Activities outside the workplace on Facebook and elsewhere ..................................54 Legislation ..............................................................................................................54 PRIVACY IN OUR INFORMATION ................................................................... 56 Personal identifying information held by government agencies ...............................58 Personal identifying data held by private companies ...............................................59 Banks and other financial institutions .....................................................................60 Credit reports .........................................................................................................61 Medical records ......................................................................................................62 School records .......................................................................................................63 More miscellany .....................................................................................................64 Press ......................................................................................................................65 Videos ....................................................................................................................65 Entertainment .........................................................................................................65 Internet ...................................................................................................................65 Identity theft ...........................................................................................................67 Automobile event data recorders (black box) ...........................................................67 RFID .......................................................................................................................68 Legislation ..............................................................................................................69 PRIVACY IN OUR PERSONS .......................................................................... 71 Strip searches ........................................................................................................71 TSA scanners .........................................................................................................72 Drug testing ............................................................................................................73 Fingerprinting .........................................................................................................74 aclu privacy booklet.indd 4 5/8/13 1:32 PM DNA testing ............................................................................................................75 Reproductive and sexual privacy