From Republic to Empire By: Arianna, Bianca, and Jose Establishment of the Principate Accomplishments of Julius Caesar • Rose to council in 59 B.C • He also became the most powerful man in the Roman republic • He conquered Gaul • •The lands he conquered extended far out from Rome • Became a wealthy man in Rome • He also created a calendar of the year called the Julian calendar. • His lover was Cleopatra The Death of Julius Caesar • Politicians who aspired to have Julius Caesar autocratic power, had conspired against him. • He is was to leave Rome to fight in a war and had appointed loyal members of his army to rule the Empire in his absence. • On March 15th he was murdered by his own senators at a meeting in a hall next to Pompey’s Theatre. • Caesar had left three quarters of his estate to his great-nephew Octavius, who was with the army in the east. Augustus Ceasar vs Mark Antony & Cleopatra • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8BZyZ-__6z4 0:35- 2:45 • After Julius' death he had decided to return to Italy, and demanded his share, which Antony had already confiscated. • At first, nobody seemed to notice the boy, except for Caesar's veterans. Even though the Octavian Caesar couldn't pay them, the soldiers were enthusiastic and loved him. • Marc Antony fell in love with Cleopatra and launched a disastrous expedition against the Parthians. • At the Battle of Actium, off the western coast of Greece, Roman leader Octavian wins a decisive victory against the forces of Roman Mark Antony and Cleopatra, queen of Egypt. • Antony and Cleopatra fled to Egypt, where they committed suicide. With Antony dead, Octavian became the undisputed master of the Roman world. Octavian (Augustus Caesar) as Sole Ruler 30 B.C.E.-14 C.E. Rule of Augustus as "Golden Age" • Was the nephew/ 'son' of the Julius Caesar. (Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus) • The Golden Age was meant represent an era of great peace, security, and prosperity • Augustus was often known as the first roman emperor and gained his inheritance from Julius Caesar. • Augustus as an imperator used his power to expand to Egypt and fought against the Egyptian army. Winning and forcing a surrender of cleopatra and mark Antony by death. Economic Life in the Empire The Exploitation of subjected people • The gap between rich and poor widened. • Wealthy landowners drove small farmers from public land, while access to government was increasingly limited to the more privileged classes. • About one third of the population of ancient Rome was enslaved. These slaves, who were both white and non- white, they were under the absolute power of their masters. • Slaves were, for many of the Roman elite, a status symbol and, therefore, the more (and the more exotic) one had, the better. • The mostfamous examples of such uprisings were those led by Eunus in Sicily in 135 BCE and Spartacus in southern Italy in 73 BCE The Problem of decadence • "high on luxury" • Romans were constantly apprehensive about the effects of luxury on their society and were paranoid that the Roman "character" was declining due to decadence. • According to The western Roman empire fell due to increased luxury and decadence Flourishing of Trade • The Roman Empire had many trade routes connecting to the Mediterranean and the Black Sea • trade routes on land using roads built by Romans • Their main trading partners were Spain, France, some parts of Asia, the Middle East, and North Africa • Most important port for trade was Ostia- located on the mouth of the River Tiber (15 miles away from Rome) • Rome imported beef, corn, and luxury items; exports consisted mostly of grapes, oil, pottery, and papyrus • A network of trade routes connecting China to Europe and the The Silk Road Middle East • Established when the Han Dynasty officially started trading in 130 B.C. and lasted until 1453 C.E. • The Silk Road included the Han, Kushan, Parthian, and Roman Empire. • Silk was a major good that was traded, hence the name "Silk Road" • China traded their silk for horses for warfare and transportation, gold from Europe, camels from Middle East and Africa also for transportation, and cotton from India • As trade became more important, people from Central Asia became nomadic, and the cities of Central Asia became more powerful and wealthy. • Goods were not the only thing being transported along the routes, spreading of disease also became transported • The first plague (smallpox) wiped out 10% of the Roman Empire's population • 2 religions also spread across the Silk Routes (Christianity and Buddhism) https://youtu.be/vfe-eNq-Qyg Administrative Cities • Rome had great power and significance in its empire • Ancient Roman Empire's major administrative cities were: Rome, itself as the capital city of the empire Ephesus Carthage Antioch Alexandria • In 117 C.E., the Roman Empire had the most extensive political and social structure in the Western Civilization • Augustus Caesar ruled his empire in the capital, Rome Luxury Trade and Its profits • Romans imported glassware, leather, marble, perfumes, purple dye, silk, wool, tin, lead, silver, spices, and wine. • Britain provided silver for coins and jewelry • Egypt sold cotton for softer clothing • China provided silk • Middle East supplied dyes to make clothing more colorful and spices • Rome began to make coins with less silver, which caused inflation • Trading boosted the economy for merchants and farmers; people of higher class became wealthier and those in poverty became even more poor. • Taxes were placed on everyone for trading for census purposes, and farmers who could not afford the tax often gave the government grain in place of the currency The Life of a Refined Roman Gentleman By: Phily the Younger • https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/ancient/asbook09.asp#Imperial%20Expan nsion%20under%20the%20Republic “Rome.” Internet History Sourcebooks, sourcebooks.fordham.edu/ancient/asbook09.asp#Imp erial Expansion under the Republic. • https://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/empire/republic.html “Republic to Empire.” PBS, Public Broadcasting Service, 2006, www.pbs.org/empires/romans/empire/republic.html • http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/18378/ Bowser, and Matthew. “The Golden Age of Rome: Augustus' Program to Better the Roman Empire.” D- Scholarship@Pitt, University of Pittsburgh, 24 May 2013, d- scholarship.pitt.edu/18378/ Work cited Work • http://www.livius.org/articles/person/caesar/caesar-09/ “Gaius Julius Caesar: Inheritance.” Pliny the Younger - Livius, www.livius.org/articles/person/caesar/caesar-09/. • https://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/ancient-rome/ancient-rome-and- trade/ Trueman. “Acient Rome and Trade - Why Is Was so Important.” History Learning Site, History Learning Site, 16 Mar. 2015, www.historylearningsite.co.uk/ancient-rome/ancient-rome-and-trade/. • https://study.com/academy/lesson/trade-of-ancient-rome-lesson-for- kids.html Study.com, Study.com, study.com/academy/lesson/trade-of- ancient-rome-lesson-for-kids.html. • https://youtu.be/lLeIclx2lAU “Early Silk Road | World History | Khan • “The Silk Road and Ancient Trade: Crash Course World History #9.” YouTube, 22 Mar. 2012, youtu.be/vfe-eNq-Qyg. https://youtu.be/vfe- eNq-Qyg Work cited cont. • “Antony, Octavian, Cleopatra.” Leisure and Entertainment, www.vroma.org/~bmcmanus/antony.html. • History.com, A&E Television Networks, www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/ancient- rome. • “Anirudh.” Learnodo Newtonic, 11 Sept. 2018, learnodo-newtonic.com/julius-caesar- accomplishments. • Cartwright, Mark. “Slavery in the Roman World.” Ancient History Encyclopedia, Ancient History Encyclopedia, 23 Sept. 2018, www.ancient.eu/article/629/slavery-in-the-roman- world/. • History.com, A&E Television Networks, www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/emperor- augustus. November 9th, 2009 • “Cleopatra and Mark Antony.” Pyramids of Ancient Egypt: Bent Pyramid of Sneferu, Dashur, www.ancientegyptonline.co.uk/Cleopatra-Mark-Antony.html. • “Slave Resistance in Rome.” The Ultimate History Project, ultimatehistoryproject.com/slave-resistance-in-rome.html..