Wisconsin Magazine of History TIte Anti-McCarthy Camf^aign in Wisconsin, 1951—1952 MICHAEL O'BRIEN Wisconsin Labor and the Campaign of 1952 DAVID M. OSHINSKY Foreign Aid Under Wrap: The Point Four Program THOMAS G. PATERSON John E. Holmes; An Early Wisconsin Leader STUART M. RICH Reminiscences of Life Among tIte Chif^pxva: Part Four BENJAMIN G. ARMSTRONG Published by the State Historical Society of Wisconsin / Vol. 56, No. 2 / Winter, 1972-1973 THE STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF WISCONSIN JAMES MORTON SMITH, Director Officers E. DAVID CRONON, President GEORGE BANTA, JR., Honorary Vice-President JOHN C. GEILFUSS, First Vice-President E. E. HOMSTAD, Treasurer HOWARD W. MEAD, Second Vice-President JAMES MORTON SMITH, Secretary Board of Curators Ex Officio PATRICK J. LUCEY, Governor of the State CHARLES P. SMITH, State Treasurer ROBERT C. ZIMMERMAN, Secretary of State JOHN C. WEAVER, President of the University MRS. GORDON R. WALKER, President of the Women's Auxiliary Term Expires, 1973 THOMAS H. BARLAND MRS. RAYMOND J. KOLTES FREDERICK I. OLSON DONALD C. SLIGHTER Eau Claire Madison Wauwatosa Milwaukee E. E. HOMSTAD CHARLES R. MCCALLUM F. HARWOOD ORBISON DR. LOUIS C. SMITH Black River Falls Hubertus Appleton Lancaster MRS. EovifARD C. JONES HOWARD W. MEAD NATHAN S. HEFFERNAN ROBERT S. ZIGMAN Fort Atkinson Madison Madison Milwaukee Term Expires, 1974 ROGER E. AXTELL PAUL E. HASSETT ROBERT B. L. MURPHY MILO K. SWANTON Janesville Madison Madison Madison HORACE M. BENSTEAD WILLIAM HUFFMAN MRS. WM. H. L. SMYTHE CEDRIC A. Vic Racine Wisconsin Rapids Milwaukee Rhinelander REED COLEMAN WARREN P. KNOWLES WILLIAM F. STARK CLARK WILKINSON Madison Madison Nashotah Baraboo Term Expires, 1975 E. DAVID CRONON JOHN C. GEILFUSS LLOYD HORNBOSTEL FRANCIS PAUL PRUCHA, S.J. Madison Milwaukee Beloit Milwaukee SCOTT M. CUTLIP BEN GUTHRIE ROBERT H. IRRMANN J. WARD RECTOR Madison Lac du Flambeau Beloit Milwaukee ROBERT A. GEHRKE MRS. R. L. HARTZELL JOHN PIKE CLIFFORD D. SWANSON Ripon Grantsburg Madison Stevens Point Honorary Honorary Life Members EDWARD D. CARPENTER, Cassville MRS. ESTHER NELSON, Madison RUTH H. DAVIS, Madison DOROTHY L. PARK, Madison MRS. MARGARET HAFSTAD, Rockdale MONICA STAEDTLER, Madison PRESTON E. MCNALL, Clearwater, Florida BENTON H. WILCOX, Madison WILLIAM ASHBY MCCLOY, New London, Connecticut PAUL VANDERBILT, Madison Fellows VERNON CARSTENSEN MERLE CURTI ALICE E. SMITH The Women's Auxiliary Officers MRS. GORDON R. WALKER, Racine, President MRS. DAVID S. FRANK, Madison, Vice-President MRS. JAMES JS. VAUGHN, Milwaukee, Secretary MRS. HUGH HIGHSMITH, Fort Atkinson, Treasurer MR?. GEORGE SWART, Fort Atkinson, Ex Officio VOLUME 56, NUMBER 2 / WINTER, 1972-1973 Wisconsin Magazine of History WILLIAM CONVERSE HAYGOOD, Editor WILLIAM C. MARTEN, Associate Editor The Hesseltine Award 90 The Anti-McCarthy Campaign in Wisconsin, 1951-1952 91 MICHAEL O'BRIEN Wisconsin Labor and the Campaign of 1952 109 DAVID M. OSHINSKY Foreign Aid Under Wraps: The Point Four Program 119 THOMAS G. PATERSON John E. Holmes: An Early Wisconsin Leader 127 STUART M. RICH Reminiscences of Life Among the Chippewa (Part IV) 140 BENJAMIN G. ARMSTRONG Book Reviews 162 Book Review Index 175 Contributors 176 Published Quarterly by The State Historical Society of Wisconsin THE WISCONSIN MAGAZINE OF HISTORY is published Microfilms, 313 North First Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan; quarterly by the State Historical Society of Wisconsiri, reprinted volumes available from Kraus Reprint Company, 816 State Street, Madison, Wisconsin 53706. Distributed 16 East 46th Street, New Yoric, New Yorlc. Communica­ to members as part of their dues (Annual membership, tions should be addressed to the editor. The Society does $7.50, or $5 for those 65 or over or members of affiliated not assume responsibility for statements made by contribu­ societies; Family membership, SIO.OO, or $7 for those 65 tors. Second-class postage paid at Madison and Stevens or over or members of affiliated societies; Contributing, $25; Point, Wis. Copyright © 1973 by the State Historical Business and Professional, $50; Sustaining, $100 or more Society of Wisconsin. Paid for in part by the Maria L. annually; Patron, $500 or more annually). Single numbers, and Simeon Mills Editorial Fund and by the George B. $1.75. Microfilmed copies available through University Burrows Fund. ' I ''HE seventh annual William Best Hessel- The Hesseltine Award -*- tine Award for the best article to be pub­ lished in the Wisconsin Magazine of History during the past year has been announced by the judging panel. The winner is Jerry M. Cooper of the history faculty of the University of Missouri-St. Louis for his article, "The Wisconsin National Guard in the Milwaukee Riots of 1886," which appeared in the autumn, 1971, issue. This award, established in memory of the late president of the Society and distinguished University of Wisconsin historian, consists of a prize of $100. Members of the awarding panel are Richard N. Current, professor of history at the University of North Carolina, Greensboro; Leslie Cross, book editor of the Milwaukee Journal; Howard Mead, publisher of Wisconsin Trails; Morton Rothstein, pro­ fessor of history at the University of Wiscon­ sin-Madison; James Morton Smith, director of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin; William C. Haygood, editor of the Magazine; and Mrs. William B. Hesseltine, ex officio. Manuscripts to be considered for the award should be based on original research, fully documented, and between 4,000 and 8,000 words in length. There is no deadline for sub­ missions. Manuscripts and inquiries should Harold N. Hone be addressed to the Editor, 816 State Street, William B. Hesseltine Madison, Wisconsin 53706. Previous winners are: Edward H. Beardsley, "An Industry Revitalized: Harry Russell, Stephen Babcock, and the Cold Curing of Cheese," 49: 122-137 (Winter, 1965-1966). Donald C. Swain, "The Passage of the National Park Service Act of 1916," 50: 4-17 (Autumn, 1966). Roger E. Wyman, "Wisconsin Ethnic Groups and the Election of 1890," 51: 269-293 (Summer, 1968). Kenneth Acrea, "The Wisconsin Reform Coalition, 1892 to 1900: La Follette's Rise to Power," 52: 132-157 (Winter, 1968). Nancy Ostreich Lurie, "Wisconsin: A Natural Laboratory for North American Indian Studies," 53: 3-20 (Autumn, 1969). Morton Sosna, "The South in the Saddle: Racial Politics During the Wilson Years," 54: 30-^9 (Autumn, 1970). 90 THE ANTI'McCARTHY CAMPAIGN IN WISCONSIN, 1951-1952 By MICHAEL O'BRIEN A FTER Senator Joseph McCarthy began et contributed to the growing awareness that -^*- his national crusade against communism observers had exaggerated his political power. in 1950, political speculation increasingly fo­ This knowledge apparently led some previous­ cused on his bid for re-election in 1952. Na­ ly fearful Senators to vote to censure McCarthy tional news magazines and major newspapers in 1954. Moreover, the frustrating years of dispatched reporters to Wisconsin to cover failure for Wisconsin Democrats ended in the dramatic developments. The reason for 1957 as the party experienced a period of the widespread interest in the campaign is unparalled success. According to party lead­ clear: McCarthy had aroused more intense ers the McCarthy controversy assisted this feelings of admiration and loathing than any revitalization. The Democratic organization contemporary politician. Wisconsin voters attracted some Republicans and independents had the unique opportunity to decide if this who found the Senator's actions repugnant. controversial figure would continue his sena­ McCarthy also drove young, idealistic, and torial activities. hardworking individuals into the Democratic Although every aspect of McCarthy's re­ fold because of their revulsion for him and election concerned contemporary political ob­ their attraction to the character and integrity servers, this has not been true of subsequent of Thomas Fairchild and Adlai Stevenson. scholarly research. Historians and social sci­ Lastly, McCarthy's activities presented Demo­ entists have studied three important facets crats with an issue on which all could agree. of the election: McCarthy's campaign nation­ Without him to zero in on, party leaders have ally for Republican candidates, the tension insisted. Democrats could never have pulled between the Senator and Republican presi­ all their people together and have kept them dential candidate Dwight Eisenhower and the together through the middle 1950's when papering over of their disagreement, and sta­ Democrats were coming close to winning but tistical analysis of Wisconsin election results. not quite succeeding.' As a consequence, the arduous efforts of Mc­ Anti-McCarthyites failed, nonetheless, in Carthy's dedicated opponents in the state— their immediate goal of unseating the Sena­ who, though anticommunist themselves never­ tor. During the campaign they concurred on theless disputed the fact that the Senator had their intense dislike of McCarthy and even- discovered any communists in government— remain obscure. ^ Typescript of a tape-recorded interview with Despite McCarthy's victory, his 1952 re­ Miles McMillin by Robert Griffith, July 25 and August 1, 1967. A copy of the typescript was loaned election campaign yielded long-range bene­ to the author by McMillin. Tape-recorded interview fits for his opponents, particularly for the with Carl Thompson, April 10, 1969; tape-recorded interview with Patrick Lucey, August 28, 1969; Wisconsin Democratic party. The fact that tape-recorded interview with James Doyle, Septem­