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Canada mortgage and housing corporation societe canadienne dhypoth Eques et de logement CanadaJl*l RESEARCH REPORT External Research Program Montreal: A Rich Tradition in Medium Density Housing CMHC# SCHL Canada HOME TO CANADIANS CMHC—HOME TO CANADIANS Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) has been Canada ’s national housing agency for more than 60 years. Together with other housing stakeholders, we help ensure that Canada maintains one of the best housing systems in the world. We are committed to helping Canadians access a wide choice of quality, affordable homes, while making vibrant, healthy communities and cities a reality across the country. For more information, visit our website at www.cmhc.ca You can also reach us by phone at 1-800-668-2642 or by fax at 1-800-245-9274. Outside Canada call 613-748-2003 or fax to 613-748-2016. Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation supports the Government of Canada policy on access to information for people with disabilities. If you wish to obtain this publication in alternative formats, call 1-800-668-2642. MONTREAL A RICH TRADITION IN MEDIUM DENSITY HOUSING David B. Hanna Associate Professor Department of Urban Studies and Tourism Universite du Quebec a Montreal And Francois Dufaux Doctoral Student Bartlett School of Urban Planning London, G. B. CMHC ProjectOfficer: Brian Eames This report was funded by Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) under the terms of the External Research Program, but the views expressed are the personal views of the authors and do not represent the official views of CMHC. April 2002 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract Executive Summary Sommaire Introduction Chapter 1 - Questions and Observations on the Urban Building Tradition 1.1 The Research Questions and the Conventional Assumptions 1.2 Housing Production and Typology in Montreal since 1850 1.2.1 Municipal Records 1.2.2 Census and Studies 1.3 Morphological Analysis 1.3.1 Cartographic Limitations 1.4 Montreal's Building Tradition; A General Bibliography 1.5 Remarks for Further Research on Housing Chapter 2 - Tenure and Typology: A new hypothesis on Montreal’s Housing Tradition 2.1 Urban Housing: The Unsolved Issues 2.2 Cities of Homes, Cities of Flats and Cities of Tenements 2.3 The Legacy of the French Regime 2.4 An Emerging Housing Typology: Quebec and Montreal during the Eighteenth Century 2.5 A Typology Hypothesis for 1825 Montreal 2.6 Montreal's Housing Contribution: Original yet not Exceptional Chapter 3 - Built Form: Some Early Cultural Transfers 3.1 The Weakness of Urban Vernacular Architectural Resarch 3.2 The Western French Connection 3.3 The Scottish Stamp on Montreal 3.4 Scottish Influences on Montreal ’s Outside Stairway Flats 3.5 Scottish Influences on Montreal ’s Inside Staircase Flats 3.6 The English and American Contribution 3.7 A Hypothesis on the Significance of the British Influence on the Montreal Vernacular Chapter 4 - The Distribution Patterns of Housing in Montreal 1866-1900 4.1 The Establishment of Multi-Family Housing in Montreal 4.1.1 A Unique Housing Typology 4.2 The Spatial Organization of the Housing Market: 1866-1880 4.2.1 Construction Features as Social Cues 4.2.2 The Persistence and Expansion of Single-Family Housing 4.2.3 The New Dominance of Duplex Housing 4.2.4 The Arrival of the Triplex 4.3 The Spatial Organization of the Housing Market: 1880-1900 4.3.1 Cycle Comparison with the Previous Building Cycle Conclusion Footnotes Abstract Montreal's housing tradition defines an urban landscape of two to three storey buildings divided into superposed flats. The building type, called locally "plexes," became the dominant housing form in the 19 th century and still today counts for about half of the city's dwelling stock. This new research presents an hypothesis on the origins of the building type and discusses its evolution in two construction cycles between 1866 and 1900. The "plexes" have long been a reproved housing form as they contradicted the 20th century political bias for home-ownership and the single-family house. Furthermore, the typology of superposed flats was generally neglected by architecture scholars because of their modest scale and unclear pedigree when compared to metropolitan apartment buildings and villas. Research on housing in Canada requires a critical understanding of the traditional bias built into these frameworks, and notably in the interpretation of the data recorded. A reassessment of tenure and housing typology provides a starting point for a more objective analysis. A comparison between Montreal ’s housing strategy and those of Toronto, two American and two British cities, reveals a coherent system of housing production which supply rental dwellings, with rigid lease conditions at non-speculative rates in a medium- density housing context. Montreal's conditions were closer to the British patterns. Historical sources, however, suggest that such conditions are a legacy of the French regime. Research in Europe presents evidence that superposed flats were found in the Western French provinces and Scotland. This matches the migration data of some of Montreal's most important communities in the real estate and the construction trade during the 19 th century. The last chapter describes the location and characteristics of housing production between 1866-1880 and 1880-1900. The growing share of triplexes, the larger footprint, the diffusion of the flat roof, all indicate an increase in density but also the development of larger and more comfortable dwellings. The research is followed by with an extensive bibliography. Executive Summary This report presents facts, findings and new hypotheses on the origins and evolution of Montreal's housing tradition which developed primarily during the 19 th century. The local “plex ” building typology is identified first as a multi-family structure sheltering from two to six dwellings, each with through access from the front to the rear of the building, second as a housing type adapted to a dominant rental market, thirdly as a thoroughly urban built form, laid out in rows of two to four storeys, marking an intermediate building type between the “dwelling house ” and the “tenement ”. These three characteristics produced a medium-density housing environment which today provides sought-after urban dwellings known for their flexibility in adapting to different household types, needs and means. It also presents a sensible example of urban dwelling between the single-family house and high-rise towers. The report finally proposes new hypotheses on the sustaining historical conditions underlying its development and influences on its built form, a practical tale of the transfer and contribution of French and Scottish housing patterns in Canada. The research proposal was submitted in 1994 to CMHC for a housing research grant. This final report answers some of the initial objectives of the proposal but it also raised methodological and epistemological issues unsuspected initially. The first chapter discusses the earlier goals, overly ambitious, and raises key concerns over our understanding and assumptions on housing in Canada. The municipal records and statistical data available offer a limited description of the housing structure and its historical development. The extensive bibliography suggests a wide array of comparative studies. However, most authors on urban housing, local and foreign, have provided misleading paths to explain Montreal's housing tradition as a part of another North American pattern. Recent work published since 1995 (Gilliland 1998) suggested exploring further the local context rather than relying on the re-assuring knowledge provided by recognized British and American urban housing typologies. In this regard, the second chapter directly examines the issue of rental tenure and a robust and early multi-family building typology in Montreal. A comparison with British and American cities highlights how Montreal's tradition is original, yet not exceptional in the balancing of four factors monitoring an urban housing strategy: tenure mode, investment return, leasing conditions, and lastly, building typology. Further readings of historians' works and a discussion of Viger's census of 1825 suggests that Montreal ’s housing tradition is deeply rooted in a colonial development model implemented during the French regime. The British rule after 1760 did not change the sustaining conditions as they were convenient to a specific colonial development policy in Lower Canada during the 19 th century. The economic and social model remained largely unchallenged until 1945 which explained the importance of'plexes' in 1944, representing then about 75% of Montreal's dwelling stock. The third chapter explores the origins and influences on the superposed flats typology. Until today very little has been said despite its massive presence in the urban landscape. Common urban housing is generally seen as a part of the vernacular tradition, thus falling into the category of minor architecture. The conventional debate on the relative value of “High” and “Low” architecture has guided most critics in many countries in their assessment of a building ’s value. The search for an honourable pedigree has left the “plexes ” unnoticed, and the inability to address them reflects the intellectual weaknesses of the theoretical framework and methods of architectural history.