University of Windsor Scholarship at UWindsor Electronic Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Major Papers 2010 The influence of visual environment and sympatry on plumage coloration in New World warblers Allison Flora Mistakidis University of Windsor Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd Recommended Citation Mistakidis, Allison Flora, "The influence of visual environment and sympatry on plumage coloration in New World warblers" (2010). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 8283. https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd/8283 This online database contains the full-text of PhD dissertations and Masters’ theses of University of Windsor students from 1954 forward. These documents are made available for personal study and research purposes only, in accordance with the Canadian Copyright Act and the Creative Commons license—CC BY-NC-ND (Attribution, Non-Commercial, No Derivative Works). Under this license, works must always be attributed to the copyright holder (original author), cannot be used for any commercial purposes, and may not be altered. Any other use would require the permission of the copyright holder. Students may inquire about withdrawing their dissertation and/or thesis from this database. For additional inquiries, please contact the repository administrator via email ([email protected]) or by telephone at 519-253-3000ext. 3208. THE INFLUENCE OF VISUAL ENVIRONMENT AND SYMPATRY ON PLUMAGE COLORATION IN NEW WORLD WARBLERS BY ALLISON FLORA MISTAKIDIS A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies through Biological Sciences in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science at the University of Windsor Windsor, Ontario, Canada 2010 © Allison Flora Mistakidis 2010 Library and Archives Bibliotheque et 1*1 Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington OttawaONK1A0N4 OttawaONK1A0N4 Canada Canada Your We Votre r6terence ISBN: 978-0-494-80234-2 Our file Notre r6terence ISBN: 978-0-494-80234-2 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privee, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont ete enleves de thesis. cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. 1*1 Canada DECLARATION OF CO-AUTHORSHIP I hereby declare that this thesis incorporates material that is result of joint research, as follows: my advisor, Dr. Stephanie Doucet, assisted in project design, data collection, statistical analyses, and editorial comments in the preparation of each manuscript. Chapters 2 and 3 have been prepared for submission to American Naturalist and Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences, respectively. I am aware of the University of Windsor Senate Policy on Authorship and I certify that I have properly acknowledged the contribution of other researchers to my thesis, and have obtained written permission from each of the co-author(s) to include the above material(s) in my thesis. I declare that, to the best of my knowledge, my thesis does not infringe upon anyone's copyright nor violate any proprietary rights and that any ideas, techniques, quotations, or any other material from the work of other people included in my thesis, published or otherwise, are fully acknowledged in accordance with the standard referencing practices. Furthermore, to the extent that I have included copyrighted material that surpasses the bounds of fair dealing within the meaning of the Canada Copyright Act, 1 certify that I have obtained a written permission from the copyright owner(s) to include such material(s) in my thesis. I declare that this is a true copy of my thesis, including any final revisions, as approved by my thesis committee and the Graduate Studies office, and that this thesis has not been submitted for a higher degree to any other University or Institution. iii ABSTRACT Several factors may drive interspecific divergence, and investigating possible mechanisms from multiple angles may be most efficient for understanding the evolutionary history of diverse groups. The main objective of my thesis was to examine mechanisms that may promote plumage divergence in Parulidae warblers. In my first study, I investigated the signalling environments of 17 sympatric species of warblers to test predictions of sensory drive. I determined sexual selection has likely influenced plumage evolution in warblers, plumage and visual environment coloration were correlated, and warblers were not most conspicuous in chosen display environments. In my second study, I tested the relationship between sympatry and plumage divergence across 77 species and found an increase in sympatry is correlated with greater plumage divergence, and that closely related species tended to be highly sympatric. My thesis demonstrates multiple selective pressures have likely shaped the evolution of plumage coloration in this diverse group of birds. IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Who knew how much a field course in Costa Rica could change one's life? I would sincerely like to thank Dr. Stephanie Doucet and Dr. Daniel Mennill for teaching me more in the two weeks I spent in the jungle than I'd learned in an entire semester of second year Ecology. Dan, if not for your Ornithology class, I can't say I'd be here right now. Thank you for the enthusiastic introduction to birds, the unforgettable field course in Costa Rica, and for suggesting I ask the "new faculty member" about doing an honours thesis. Steph, I loved being one of the founding members of the Doucet Lab when I started my fourth year. I'm happy I've been around to see your lab grow, and I'm not sure how I'll feel when I don't have to come in anymore, to be quite honest. I thank you for taking me on when you really didn't know all that much about me, and for keeping me around once you knew all I was about. I really appreciate all the support you've given me throughout these past three years, and I don't doubt you've been a positive influence on my life in general. Thank you so much for being a great mentor and friend. I'd like to thank my graduate committee members, Dr. Melania Cristescu and Dr. Trevor Pitcher, for their helpful suggestions about my research and for their guidance throughout my tenure as a graduate student. No person in their right mind can measure 898 specimens at museums without a little help. I'd like to thank Melissa Abdellah, David Bradley, Celia Chui, Karen Cogliati, Julie Koloff Holly Hennin, and Dave Reis for helping me measure the extensive Parulidae collection at the University of Michigan; it took several trips to Noodles, but we got it done! I'd also like to thank my Mom for coming along when I took the spectrometer on the road to Toronto and New York; you had a tough job, I v know. I'd especially like to thank the curators and collection managers at each museum for allowing me to measure the specimens: Dr. Dave Mindell and Janet Hinshaw at the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, Dr. Joel Cracraft and Peg Hart at the American Museum of Natural History, and Mark Peck at the Royal Ontario Museum. For help with field work, I'd like to thank Stephanie Doucet for being the superb birder that she is; if I had to spot all of those warblers on my own, my sample size probably would have been five. I'd also like to thank the staff at Queen's University Biological Station, especially Floyd Connor for his assistance with my project, as well as station manager Frank Phelan. I'd like to thank Paul Grzeszczak for GIS help and for preparing the degree of sympatry matrix comprising all possible species pairs of warblers. I would still be working on this part currently if not for his expertise and generous donation of personal time and energy. I would like to thank the gracious photographers who allowed me to use their photos. Credits are as follows: Raymond J. Barlow: blackbumian warbler (Fig. Lie) and black-throated blue warbler (Figs 1. If and 3.2e). Brandon Holden: cerulean warbler (Fig. Lib). Chuck Musitano: yellow warbler (Fig. 1.1a), chestnut-sided warbler (Fig. Lie), and black-throated green warbler (Fig 3.2b). Nick Saunders: blackpoll warbler (Lid). Liz Stanley: blackbumian warbler (Fig. 3. Id). Ron Wolf: Townsend's warbler (Fig. 3.1a). To all of the members of the Doucet Lab, both past and present, thanks for your help with my presentations and the preparation of these manuscripts, but most of all thanks for making my time here enjoyable: Melissa Abdellah, Irina Bobeica, Michelle vi Bondy, Fabio Castelli, Celia Chui, Karen Cogliati, Jessica Cuthbert, Jillian Faraci, Daniel Hanley, Dave Reis, Katie Rieveley, Summer Ross and Kara-Anne Ward.