WH07MOD_te_ch05_s02_s.fm Page 188 Monday, March 5, 2007 3:09 WH07MOD_se_CH05_S02_s.fmPM Page 188 Thursday, January 25, 2007 4:09 PM Step-by-Step WITNESS HISTORY AUDIO SECTION Instruction 2 Mozart, the Musical Genius As a young boy, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Objectives astonished royalty with his musical talent. As you teach this section, keep students Although his life was relatively short, he focused on the following objectives to help composed more than 600 pieces of music. Many them answer the Section Focus Question pieces embraced the spirit of the Enlightenment. and master core content. 2 “ Few have captured the spirit of the Enlighten- 2 ment, its intellectual and social agenda, as has ■ Identify the roles that censorship Mozart in his opera, The Magic Flute, . [It] is and salons played in the spread of a series of variations on the triumph of light new ideas. over darkness, of sun over moon, of day over ■ Describe how the Enlightenment night, of reason, tolerance, and love over pas- affected the arts and literature. sion, hate, and revenge. —Isaac Kramnick, historian” ■ Understand how philosophes influenced enlightened despots. Focus Question As Enlightenment ideas spread across Europe, what cultural and political ■ Explain why Enlightenment ideas were changes took place? slow to reach most Europeans. Mozart and a sheet of his music Prepare to Read Enlightenment Ideas Spread Build Background Knowledge L3 Objectives Paris, France, the heart of the Enlightenment, drew many intellec- Discuss how information and ideas • Identify the roles that censorship and salons tuals and others eager to debate new ideas. Reforms proposed one played in the spread of new ideas. have spread throughout history thus far. evening became the talk of the town the next day. Enlightenment • Describe how the Enlightenment affected the ideas flowed from France, across Europe, and beyond. Every- Ask students how the spread of ideas arts and literature. where, thinkers examined traditional beliefs and customs in the challenges preexisting institutions. • Understand how philosophes influenced light of reason and found them flawed. Even some absolute mon- enlightened despots. archs experimented with Enlightenment ideas, although they Set a Purpose L3 • Explain why Enlightenment ideas were slow to drew back when changes threatened the established way of doing ■ WITNESS HISTORY Read the selection reach most Europeans. things. aloud or play the audio. Terms, People, and Places AUDIO Witness History Audio CD, New Ideas Challenge Society censorship enlightened despot Mozart, the Musical Genius salons Frederick the Great Enlightenment ideas spread quickly through many levels of soci- Ask How does historian Isaac baroque Catherine the Great ety. Educated people all over Europe eagerly read not only Kramnick describe Mozart’s rococo Joseph II Diderot’s Encyclopedia but also the small, inexpensive pamphlets opera? (triumph of light over darkness, that printers churned out on a broad range of issues. More and of sun over moon, of day over night) more, people saw that reform was necessary in order to achieve a Reading Skill: Categorize On a sheet of just society. How does Mozart’s The Magic Flute paper, draw a concept web to help you record During the Middle Ages, most Europeans had accepted without illustrate the ideas of the Enlight- information from this section. enment? (It illustrates the triumph of question a society based on divine-right rule, a strict class system, and a belief in heavenly reward for earthly suffering. In the Age of reason.) Reason, such ideas seemed unscientific and irrational. A just soci- ■ Focus Point out the Section Focus Spread of ety, Enlightenment thinkers taught, should ensure social justice Question and write it on the board. Salons Enlightenment and happiness in this world. Not everyone agreed with this idea of Tell students to refer to this question Ideas replacing the values that existed, however. as they read. (Answer appears with Section 2 Assessment answers.) ■ Preview Have students preview the Vocabulary Builder Section Objectives and the list of Terms, People, and Places. Use the information below and the following resources to teach the high-use word from this section. ■ Have students read this Teaching Resources, Unit 2, p. 5; Teaching Resources, Skills Handbook, p. 3 section using the Guided Questioning High-Use Word Definition and Sample Sentence strategy (TE, p. T20). As they read, evolve, p. 189 v. to develop gradually over time have students fill in the concept Since it began twenty years ago, the town’s July 4th celebration had evolved web illustrating the spread of from a small parade into a large procession with floats and fireworks. Enlightenment ideas across Europe. Reading and Note Taking Study Guide, p. 76 188 The Enlightenment and the American Revolution WH07MOD_te_ch05_s02_s.fm Page 189 Monday, March 5, 2007 3:10 PM Writers Face Censorship Most, but not all, government and church authorities felt they had a sacred duty to defend the old order. They Teach believed that God had set up the old order. To protect against the attacks of the Enlightenment, they waged a war of censorship, or restricting access to ideas and information. They banned and burned books and New Ideas Challenge imprisoned writers. Society L3 To avoid censorship, philosophes and writers like Montesquieu and Voltaire sometimes disguised their ideas in works of fiction. In the Instruct Persian Letters, Montesquieu used two fictional Persian travelers, named ■ Introduce: Key Terms Have students Usbek and Rica, to mock French society. The hero of Voltaire’s satirical find the key term censorship (in blue) novel Candide, published in 1759, travels across Europe and even to the in the text. Ask them to predict why the Americas and the Middle East in search of “the best of all possible government and church authorities worlds.” Voltaire slyly uses the tale to expose the corruption and hypoc- would want to censor the new ideas of risy of European society. the Enlightenment. Then have them Ideas Spread in Salons New literature, the arts, science, and philoso- read to see if their predictions are true. phy were regular topics of discussion in salons, or informal social gath- ■ Teach Using the Numbered Heads erings at which writers, artists, philosophes, and others exchanged ideas. strategy (TE, p. T23), ask students to The salon originated in the 1600s, when a group of noblewomen in Paris list the ways Enlightenment ideas began inviting a few friends to their homes for poetry readings. By the spread. Ask How did the govern- 1700s, some middle-class women began holding salons. Here middle- ment restrict access to informa- class citizens could meet with the nobility on an equal footing to discuss tion? (banned books, imprisoned and spread Enlightenment ideas. writers) How did philosophes and Madame Geoffrin (zhoh FRAN) ran one of the most respected salons. In Satire by Swift writers try to avoid this censor- her home on the Rue St. Honoré (roo sant ahn ur AY), she brought Jonathan Swift published the satirical together the brightest and most talented people of her day. The young Gulliver’s Travels in 1726. Here, an ship? (disguised ideas in works of fic- musical genius Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart played for her guests, and illustration from the book depicts a bound tion, exchanged ideas at salons) Gulliver and the Lilliputians, who are six- Diderot was a regular at her weekly dinners for philosophers and poets. inch-tall, bloodthirsty characters. Although ■ Quick Activity Organize the class as What did those opposed to Enlightenment ideas do Gulliver’s Travels satirizes political life in though it were a salon in Paris during eighteenth-century England, it is still a the 1700s and have them debate the to stop the spread of information? classic today. Why did writers hide their feelings about society? idea of a “just society.” Half of the class should play defenders of the old order, Arts and Literature Reflect New Ideas Vocabulary Builder and the other half should portray sup- In the 1600s and 1700s, the arts evolved to meet changing tastes. As in evolved—(ee VAHLVD) v. developed porters of enlightened ideals. earlier periods, artists and composers had to please their patrons, the gradually over time men and women who commissioned works from them or gave them jobs. Independent Practice From Grandeur to Charm In the age of Louis XIV, courtly art and Have small groups of students write jour- architecture were either in the Greek and Roman tradition or in a grand, nal entries from the point of view of a ornate style known as baroque. Baroque paintings were huge, colorful, guest at one of Madame Geoffrin’s salons. and full of excitement. They glorified historic battles or the lives of Entries should include details of the saints. Such works matched the grandeur of European courts at that salon. time. Louis XV and his court led a much less formal lifestyle than Monitor Progress Louis XIV. Architects and designers reflected this change by developing the rococo style. Rococo art moved away from religion and, unlike the As students fill in their concept webs, cir- heavy splendor of the baroque, was lighter, elegant, and charming. culate to make sure they understand how Rococo art in salons was believed to encourage the imagination. Furni- the ideas of the Enlightenment spread ture and tapestries featured delicate shells and flowers, and more pastel across Europe. For a completed version of colors were used. Portrait painters showed noble subjects in charming the concept web, see rural settings, surrounded by happy servants and pets. Although this Note Taking Transparencies, 134A style was criticized by the philosophes for its superficiality, it had a vast audience in the upper class and with the growing middle class as well. Connect to Our World Connections to Today Censorship continues Seventy-one percent of these challenges were to to be controversial today.