PERSPECTIVES IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT(2015) Psycology Definition, Meaning and Stages of Growth & Development in Children What is Growth and Development Growth and development in education has specific meanings and both are relates to each other. The following comparison will clarify the differences between growth and development. What is Growth 1. It is indicative i.e. increase in body, size, weight etc. 2. It is quantitative progress 3. It is physical change 4. It is external in nature 5. stops at certain stage 6. It is physical progress What is Development 1. It is not indicative 2. It qualitative progress 3. It is psychological change 4. It is internal in nature 5. It is continuous process 6. It is cognitive progress Stages of Growth and Development in Children Introduction Growth and development goes side by side, and both have profound effects upon each other. When a child is born, passes through various stages and ultimately a whole picture of a person emerges. The following are the stages of growth and development through which every children passes: 1. Infancy: (From Birth to 2 Years) Common features of infancy are 1. A child jumps, walk and learn to talk. 2. A child starts learning about simple, social concepts. 3. The body growth is accelerated. 2. Early Childhood (2-6 Years) The common features of this stage are: 1. Infancy features are strengthened. 2. Physical growth occurs like, expansion of muscles, speed in body actions, changes occur in respiration, blood pressure develops etc. 3. Language skill is developed and learns new words. 4. New concepts about social relations develop. 5. Memory increases. 6. They ask questions about the environment. 7. Socially he/she develops new friends, and wants social approval of his/her actions. 8. Emotional development starts to develop. 3. Adolescence (12-19 Years) This is the period of adulthood and to some extend of maturity, physically and socially. This is called the spring, romantic, and the period of “storm & stress”. The development and growth vary from culture to culture and environment factors that influence a person at this stage. Some basic characteristics of this stage are as follows: 1. Physical Growth Here children are active, and sharp. They are keen observers. They give more attention to body – beauty and strength. Boys love strength and play the games, where power is shown. 2. Mental or Intellectual Development 1. They think in abstraction. 2. They can anticipate the future needs and plan for that. 3. The children ability to solve complex problems increase. They try to understand complicated issues, and to solve the complex problems 4. They develop the communicative abilities and talk for hours. 5. Confidence is developed which make them to make decisions about future. 3. Emotional6. Moral Development concepts are developed and know that what is morally and socially good and wrong. Here the adolescent period is not rational but emotional. That’s why it is called the period of stress and storm. They are entering a new stage, which therefore, want emotional adjustment. Emotional disturbance is produced when they don’t adjust to new situation or role for which they are suppose to be. Characteristics of Emotions in Adolescence 1. Complexity: They experience complexity in various issues and start adjustment. When that adjustment doesn’t develop, storm and stress develop. 2. Development of Abstract Emotions:They develop emotions with those things which do not exist in real situation. Wants and desires are generated by abstract emotions. 3. Widening of Emotional Feelings: Here they select a hero/heroin. Idealization and imagination start. And get emotional attachment with that idealization. 4. Bearing Tension: They start to learn that how to bear a difficult emotional situations. 5. Sharing of Emotions: They share emotions, especially with peer groups. That develops loyalty and emotional confidence among peer groups. 6. Hopes & aspirations develop about the future. 7. This stage gives increase to compassion in them. Common Emotional Patterns The following are some emotional patterns which can be seen in students: 1. Worries/Anxieties:These can be imaginative or real. These can be the products of school work, exam, school problems or home problems. 2. Phobias: Phobias or fears can be from material objects, meeting with people, talking to strangers etc. 3. Anger, Love and Hate: These are some emotional patterns, which have its own causes, and effects. As for emotions are concerned, the fear of failure make you to work hard. Emotions can be realized through good and positive activities. Now it is the responsibility of home, school, teachers & parents to understand the emotional state of the children and to avoid the bad effects of emotional disturbance. “Become emotions can make or mar one’s life”. Growth and development 1. 1. GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Aruna A P 2. 2. DEFINITION • GROWTH The term growth denotes a net increase in the size, or mass of the tissue. It is largely attributed to multiplication of cells and increase in the intracellular substance. 3. 3. ACCORDING TO HURLOCK • GROWTH is change in size, in proportion, disappearance of old features and acquisition of new ones 4. 4. According to Crow and Crow (1962) • Growth refers to structural and physiological changes 5. 5. DEVELOPMENT • Development specify maturation of functions. It is related to the maturation and myelination of the nervous system and indicates acquisition of a variety of skills for optimal functioning of the individual 6. 6. According to Hurlock(1959) • Development means a progressive series of changes that occur in an orderly predictable pattern as a result of maturation and experience. 7. 7. According to J.E. Anderson(1950) • Development is concerned with growth as well as those changes in behavior which results from environmental situations. 8. 8. According to Liebert, Poulos and Marmor (1979) • Development refers to a process of change in growth and capability over time, as function of both maturation and interaction with the environment 9. 9. Changes in the quality or character rather than the quantitative aspects comes in this domain.Development implies overall change in shape, form or structure resulting in improved working or functioning. Changes in the quantitative aspects come into the domain of Growth. The term is used in purely physical sense. It generally refers to increase in size, length. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT GROWTH DEVELOPMENT 10. 10. Development is a wider and comprehensive term and refers to overall changes in the individual. It continues throughout life and is progressive.It is a comprehensive and wider term and refers to overall changes in the individual. Growth does not continue throughout life. It stops when maturity has been attained. It is a part of developmental process. Development in its quantitative aspect is termed as growth. GROWTH DEVELOPMENT 11. 11. Development involves changes of an orderly, coherent type tending towards the gThe changes produced by growth are the subject of measurement. They may be quantified. Growth involves body changes. GROWTH DEVELOPMENT Development implies improvement in functioning and behavior and hence bring qualitative changes which are difficult to beoal of maturity. 12. 12. Development is also possible without growth.Development is organizational. It is organization of all the parts which growth and differentiation have produced. Growth may or may not bring development. Growth is cellular . It takes place due to the multiplication of cells. GROWTH DEVELOPMENT 13. 13. PRINCIPLES OF GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT • Development is a continous process from conception to maturity 14. 14. • Development depends on the maturation and myelination of nervous system. • The sequence of the development is the same for all children, but the rate of development varies from child to child 15. 15. • Certain primitive reflexes anticipate corresponding voluntary movement and have to be lost before the voluntary movement develops 16. 16. • Development follows a direction and uniform pattern 17. 17. • Generalized mass activity given way to specific individual response • Principle of hierarchical integration • Development lacks uniformity of rate 18. 18. • Development proceeds from general to specific responses 19. 19. • Principle of independence of systems • Most traits of development are correlated • Development is cumulative • Development is a result of interaction of Maturation and Learning • Development is a product of contribution of Heredity and Environment 20. 20. Maternal factorsPlacental factors Fetal growth factors Fetal hormones Sex Genetic potential FACTORS AFFECTING GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT • FETAL GROWTH 21. 21. POST NATAL PERIOD • Sex • IUGR • Genetic factors • Hormonal influences • Nutrition • Infections • Chemical agents • Traumate 22. 22. SOCIAL FACTORS: • Socioeconomic level • Poverty • Natural resources • Climate • Emotional factors • Cultural factors • Parental education 23. 23. LAWS OF GROWTH • Growth and development in children is a continuous and orderly process • Growth pattern of every individual is unique • Different patterns in the body grow at different rates 24. 24. DEVELOPMENTAL AGE PERIODS • Infancy – Neonate • Birth to 1 month – Infancy • 1 month to 1 year • Early Childhood – Toddler • 1-3 years – Preschool • 3-6 years 25. 25. • Middle Childhood – School age – 6 to 12 years • Late Childhood • Adolescent – 13 years to approximately 18 years 26. 26. SOMATIC GROWTH • SKELETAL GROWTH • BONE AGE ESTIMATION • ERUPTION