Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 90(2), 2014, pp. 312–314 doi:10.4269/ajtmh.13-0494 Copyright © 2014 by The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Case Report: Recurrent Streptococcus bovis Meningitis in Strongyloides stercoralis Hyperinfection after Kidney Transplantation: The Dilemma in a Non-Endemic Area Taqi T. Khan,* Fatehi Elzein, Abdullah Fiaar, and Faheem Akhtar Institution Sections of Renal Transplant Surgery and Transplant Nephrology, Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, Division of Infectious Diseases and Histopathology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Riyadh Military Hospital, Riyadh 11159, Saudi Arabia. INTRODUCTION intravenous antibiotics with improvement in symptoms. This recipient had also received 10 mg dexamethasone 6 hourly Post transplant parasitic infections are a rarity and occur in 1 until S. bovis was discovered in the CSF. In view of the asso- around 2% of transplant recipients ; the intestinal helminth ciation of S. bovis with colonic cancer, he underwent a Strongyloides stercoralis (Ss) is found in contaminated soil in colonoscopy that was unremarkable and he was discharged hot and humid tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, home on his original triple immunosuppression. South and East Asia, and South America. Infective larvae He was readmitted after 3 weeks with fever, headache, from contaminated soil enter the host venous system from persistent vomiting, and neck pain, and a 20 kg weight loss. the skin to end up in the lungs and are then ingested into ° 2 He was febrile (38.5 C) with tachycardia and pallor with the GI tract by the pharynx where they mature into adults. mild signs of meningeal irritation. He also gave a history of Approximately half of the immune competent hosts become abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea for the preceding carriers and the remainder usually present with mild abdomi- 3 month associated with weight loss. A CT brain scan was nal and respiratory symptoms. Transplant recipients receive again unremarkable and an MRI revealed pachymeningeal steroids, have altered cellular immunity, and are at increased enhancement but no abscess. A plain abdominal film was risk for hyperinfection syndrome because of an accelerated reported as a paralytic ileus/sub-acute intestinal obstruc- auto-infective cycle, rapid multiplication, and systemic larval 4 tion, CSF showed a high neutrophil count, however like the dissemination. This can result in serious complications blood sample, was culture negative (Table 1). The impres- including GI bleeding, bacteremia, meningitis, liver abscesses, 5 sion was a recurrence of ABM for which he again received pneumonia, and death. We report a Strongyloides hyper- intravenous antibiotics with a reduction in the immunosup- infection syndrome in a Saudi kidney recipient with recurrent pression. The next day, he developed a cough with sputum, Streptococcus bovis bacterial meningitis and significant weight a chest examination and chest x-ray were unremarkable, loss 2 months after deceased donor kidney transplantation. but Escherichia coli, sensitive to cephalosporins was iso- lated from the sputum. In view of the weight loss and diar- rhea, thyroid function tests were also requested, which CASE REPORT revealed a slightly elevated T4 and a low thyrotropin A 27-year-old Saudi male with end stage renal disease (TSH). Thyroiditis was also suggested by the low uptake secondary to focal segmental glomerulosclerosis on regular on the nuclear scan with a negative autoimmune screen, hemodialysis for 4 years, received a 4 HLA antigen mismatch and he was started on carbimazole. The pp65 antigen and standard criteria deceased donor kidney from an expatriate Brucella were negative and all tumor markers were also Indian donor. Induction comprised anti-thymocyte globulin within normal. Mild eosinophilia in the differential count and methylprednisolone with immediate graft function after along with abdominal symptoms was suggestive of a para- 8 hours of cold ischemia. He was discharged home on sitic infestation but all stool analyses were negative for tacrolimus, mycophenolate, and prednisolone with a serum ova and parasites (O+P). The continuing abdominal symp- creatinine of 102 mmol/L. Two months later, he was admitted toms and weight loss prompted an upper GI endoscopy, complaining of occipital headache, neck pain, vomiting, which revealed multiple erosions in D1 and D2 and tissue photophobia, and blurred vision but no seizures. He also gave samples confirmed intramucosal nematodes compatible with a history of vague abdominal pain and diarrhea. On examina- Ss (Figure 2). The infectious diseases staff recommended treat- tion, he was afebrile with normal vital signs, a chest x-ray ment with a 10-day twice daily course of 400 mg albendazole and computed tomography (CT) scan of the brain were with improvement in abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea. unremarkable, and a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sample was The stool analyses had repeatedly been negative for Ss and no compatible with acute bacterial meningitis (ABM) and cul- O+P were ever documented and the preoperative (before ture positive for Streptococcus bovis but no vegetations were immunosuppression) eosinophil count was also found to be documented on echocardiography (Figure 1). The total and normal. The regular immunosuppression was resumed after differential white cell count was within normal limits and all completing the intravenous antibiotics. He regained 8 kg blood cultures were negative. With a diagnosis of ABM, the in the next 3 weeks and was back to his normal weight in mycophenolate was discontinued and tacrolimus was reduced. 3 months. At 36 months, he remains symptom free with excel- He received a 2-week course of appropriate broad spectrum lent renal function. *Address correspondence to Taqi T. Khan, Institution Section of DISCUSSION Kidney Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Prince Salman Armed Forces Hospital, Northwestern region, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia. The intestinal parasite S. stercoralis is not endemic in E-mail: [email protected] Saudi Arabia; however, the majority of deceased donors are 312 RECURRING BACTERIAL MENINGITIS IN STRONGYLOIDES HYPERINFECTION 313 Figure 2. Widespread presence of Strongyloides stercoralis worms (black arrows) in a duodenal tissue specimen. Low magnifica- tion H&E stain. dissemination and hyperinfection.7 In addition, this donor Figure 1. Gram stain film of the cerebrospinal fluid culture received regular dexamethasone following the head injury, growing Streptococcus bovis. and the recipient was given bolus steroids as part of induc- tion and both would have played a part in reactivating Ss, causing hyperinfection and dissemination in the recipient.10 expatriates from endemic areas of South India, Sri Lanka, The source of this transmission remains a mystery, there Indonesia, and the Philippines. Donor-linked parasitic trans- being no direct evidence that this Ss infection was donor mission has been suspected in transplant recipients who derived, first because our Saudi recipient had never trav- received organs from donors from endemic areas or proven eled to an endemic area and second, the other Saudi who when different recipients developed Ss after receiving dif- – received the sister kidney also did not develop any symptoms. ferent organs from the same donor.6 8 In our case, it is The majority of Ss cases present within 1–3 months after unlikely that this infection was donor derived because the transplantation, and our recipient developed symptoms recipient of the sister kidney did not develop any symptoms, 2 months post transplant. Meningeal symptoms, the positive and neither a donor eosinophil count nor a donor serum CSF culture and the E. coli from the sputum represent the sample was available to confirm Ss IgG antibodies with bacteremia associated with unrestricted larval migration enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).5 Cyclosporine through the bowel wall6,11 that can result in a high incidence A has been reported to confer immunity against Ss9 but both of S. bovis meningitis, especially after steroid therapy.12 kidney recipients in this case were receiving tacrolimus. The ability to cause autoinfection makes this parasite par- Expatriate workers in Saudi Arabia who become deceased ticularly virulent, which in immunocompromised recipients donors from known Ss-endemic areas should be considered can result in the hyperinfection syndrome with larval pro- a transmission risk and predonation screening for this liferation in various organs including the lungs, kidneys, parasite and other imported infections would be beneficial. thyroid and the brain, with serious consequences.9,13,14 For Ss, screening with eosinophil count and IgG antibodies Because mortality in transplant recipients who develop is desirable, but the unreliable history and short period of the hyperinfection syndrome is very high reaching up to evaluation remains an obstacle for productive screening. 85%,5,9,15 it has been suggested that diagnosis in the donor This deceased donor was from an endemic area but the should preclude transplantation.7 Multisystem involvement required screening was not performed and the use of ste- is not rare, as in our case, with paralytic ileus, E. coli acute roids in donor preconditioning enhances the potential for Ss – tracheobronchitis, meningitis, and weight loss.12 14,16 Saudi Arabia is not considered endemic for Ss17 and may be the reason it was not considered in the differential diagnosis. Table 1 Early diagnosis is vital but