Artefactual, Environmental and Archaeological Evidence from the Holyrood Parliament Site Excavations Holyrood Archaeology Project Team Scottish Archaeological Internet Report 40, 2010 www.sair.org.uk Published by the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, www.socantscot.org.uk with Historic Scotland, www.historic-scotland.gov.uk and the Council for British Archaeology, www.britarch.ac.uk Editor: Helen Bleck Produced by Archetype Informatique SARL, www.archetype-it.com ISBN: 9780903903660 ISSN: 1773–3803 Requests for permission to reproduce material from a SAIR report should be sent to the Director of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, as well as to the author, illustrator, photographer or other copyright holder. Copyright in any of the Scottish Archaeological Internet Reports series rests with the SAIR Consortium and the individual authors. The maps are reproduced from Ordnance Survey material with the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of The Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office. © Crown copyright 2001. Any unauthorised reproduction infringes Crown copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. Historic Scotland Licence No. GD 03032G, 2002. The consent does not extend to copying for general distribution, advertising or promotional purposes, the creation of new collective works or resale. CONTENTS List of Illustrations . .vi List of Tables . vii Preface and Acknowledgements . viii PART 1 THE ARTEFACT REPORTS . 1 1.1 Introduction (Adrian Cox) . 3 1.1.1 Summary of the artefact and ceramic evidence (Adrian Cox & Derek Hall) . 3 1.2 Pottery (Derek W Hall) . 6 1.2.1 Scottish and English fabrics . 6 1.2.2 Fabrics imported from the Low Countries . 8 1.2.3 Fabrics imported from France . 8 1.2.4 Fabrics imported from Germany . 12 1.2.5 Fabrics imported from Spain . 12 1.2.6 Fabrics imported from unknown sources in Northern Europe . 12 1.2.7 Conclusion . 13 1.2.8 Selected catalogue of pottery from the main Parliament Site . 14 1.3 Metal objects (Adrian Cox) . 16 1.3.1 Copper alloy objects . 16 1.3.2 Lead alloy objects . 21 1.3.3 Iron objects . 22 1.4 Iron-making and -working (Effie Photos-Jones) . 24 1.4.1 Introduction: setting the scene. 24 1.4.2 The Scottish bloomery . 25 1.4.3 Energy sources and natural resources . 26 1.4.4 Typology and distribution of the Holyrood metallurgical waste . 26 1.4.5 Holyrood fuel and metallurgical waste: slag morphology and slag analysis methodology . 27 1.4.6 Discussion . 36 1.5 Glass (Robin Murdoch) . 37 1.6 Ceramic objects (Adrian Cox) . 42 1.7 Ceramic and stone building material (Julie Franklin) . 43 1.7.1 Introduction . 43 1.7.2 Floor and wall tiles . 44 1.7.3 Roof slates . 45 1.7.4 Roof tiles . 45 1.7.5 Brick and daub . 46 iii 1.8 Stone objects (Adrian Cox) . 46 1.9 Flaked stone (Torben Bjarke Ballin) . 47 1.9.1 Raw material . 47 1.9.2 Assemblage composition . 48 1.9.3 Debitage . 48 1.9.4 Cores . 48 1.9.5 Tools . 49 1.9.6 Possible ballast flint . 49 1.9.7 Dating . 49 1.10 Bone and antler objects (Adrian Cox) . 50 1.11 Leather objects . 51 1.11.1 Leather-covered ball (Adrian Cox) . 51 1.11.2 Shoe and miscellaneous fragments (Clare Thomas) . 52 1.12 Coins and jetons (Nicholas Holmes) . 52 1.13 Clay tobacco pipes (Dennis Gallagher) . 53 1.13.1 Edinburgh makers . 55 1.13.2 Imported and 19th-century pipes . 57 1.13.3 The pipes in relation to the site . 57 1.14 Artefacts from Queensberry House . 59 1.14.1 Pottery (Derek W Hall) . 59 1.14.2 Iron objects (Adrian Cox) . 61 1.14.3 Industrial waste (Effie Photos-Jones) . 61 1.14.4 Glass (Adrian Cox) . 63 1.14.5 Leather (Adrian Cox) . 64 1.14.6 Stone and ceramic building material (Adrian Cox) . 64 1.14.7 Clay tobacco pipes (Dennis Gallagher) . 65 1.14.8 House of Refuge finds (Jo Dawson) . 65 PART 2 THE ENVIRONMENTAL REMAINS . 69 2.1 Summary of results (Stephen Carter) . 71 2.2 Carbonised plant remains (Tim Holden & Mhairi Hastie) . 71 2.2.1 Methodology . 71 2.2.2 Main excavation site . 71 2.2.3 Queensberry House . 74 2.2.4 Discussion . 75 2.3 Mammalian, bird and molluscan remains (Catherine Smith) . 76 2.3.1 Selection criteria for mammal bone samples . 76 2.3.2 Summary of animal bone by period . 77 iv 2.3.3 The domestic livestock . 81 2.3.4 Discussion of the mammalian and bird remains. 93 2.4 Fish remains (Ruby Cerón-Carrasco) . 105 2.4.1 Methodology . 105 2.4.2 Results . 105 2.4.3 Discussion by period . 106 2.5 Soils and sediments (Stephen Carter) . 108 2.5.1 Sediment sources and processes of accumulation . 108 2.5.2 Soils . ..