http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11761.html We ship printed books within 1 business day; personal PDFs are available immediately. Status of Pollinators in North America Committee on the Status of Pollinators in North America, National Research Council ISBN: 0-309-66381-4, 326 pages, 6 x 9, (2007) This PDF is available from the National Academies Press at: http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11761.html Visit the National Academies Press online, the authoritative source for all books from the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, the Institute of Medicine, and the National Research Council: • Download hundreds of free books in PDF • Read thousands of books online for free • Explore our innovative research tools – try the “Research Dashboard” now! • Sign up to be notified when new books are published • Purchase printed books and selected PDF files Thank you for downloading this PDF. 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Status of Pollinators in North America http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11761.html THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Govern- ing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. This study was supported by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) under Award No. 59-0790-3-201 and the U.S. Geo- logical Survey (USGS) under Grant Agreement No. 03HQGR0131. The content of this publication does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the USDA-ARS or USGS, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products or organizations imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-10289-6 (Book) International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-10289-8 (Book) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-66381-6 (PDF) International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-66381-4 (PDF) Library of Congress Control Number: 2006940682 Additional copies of this report are available from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 20055; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area); Internet, http://www.nap.edu. Copyright 2007 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Cover: Design by Van Nguyen. Photo credits clockwise from top left: hummingbird by W. May; sphinx moth by W. May; bat by Merlin D. Tuttle, Bat Conservation International, reprinted with permission; bee by David Inouye, University of Maryland, College Park. Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Status of Pollinators in North America http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11761.html The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering er search, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding en- gineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineer- ing programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Wm. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Insti- tute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sci- ences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Wm. Wulf are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. www.national-academies.org Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Status of Pollinators in North America http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11761.html Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Status of Pollinators in North America http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11761.html COMMITTEE ON STATUS OF POLLINATORS IN NORTH AMERICA MAY BERENBAUM (Chair), University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign PETER BERNHARDT, St. Louis University, Missouri STEPHEN BUCHMANN, University of Arizona, Tucson NICHOLAS W. CALDERONE, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York PAUL GOLDSTEIN, Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville DAVID W. INOUYE, University of Maryland, College Park PETER KEVAN, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada CLAIRE KREMEN, University of California, Berkeley RODRIGO A. MEDELLÍN, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City TAYLOR RICKETTS, World Wildlife Fund, Washington, D.C. GENE E. ROBINSON, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign ALLISON A. SNOW, Ohio State University, Columbus SCOTT M. SWINTON, Michigan State University, East Lansing LEONARD B. THIEN, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana F. CHRISTIAN THOMPSON, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. Staff EVONNE P.Y. TANG, Study Director FRANCES E. SHARPLES, Director, Board on Life Sciences ROBIN A. SCHOEN, Director, Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources PEGGY TSAI, Associate Program Officer KAREN IMHOF, Administrative Assistant KATE KELLY, Editor PAULA WHITACRE, Editor v Copyright © National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Status of Pollinators in North America http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11761.html BOARD ON LIFE SCIENCES KEITH YAMAMOTO (Chair), University of California, San Francisco ANN M. ARVIN, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California JEFFREY L. BENNETZEN, University of Georgia, Athens RUTH BERKELMAN, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia DEBORAH BLUM, University of Wisconsin, Madison R. ALTA CHARO, University of Wisconsin, Madison JEFFREY L. DANGL, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill PAUL R. EHRLICH, Stanford University, Stanford, California MARK D. FITZSIMMONS, John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, Chicago, Illinois JO HANDELSMAN, University of Wisconsin, Madison ED HARLOW, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts KENNETH H. KELLER, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis RANDALL MURCH, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Alexandria GREGORY A. PETSKO, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts MURIEL E. POSTON, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York JAMES REICHMAN, University of California, Santa Barbara MARC T. TESSIER-LAVIGNE, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California JAMES TIEDJE, Michigan State University, East Lansing TERRY L. YATES, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque Staff FRANCES E. SHARPLES, Director KERRY A. BRENNER, Senior Program Officer ANN H. REID, Senior Program Officer MARILEE K. SHELTON-DAVENPORT, Senior Program Officer EVONNE P.Y. TANG, Senior Program Officer ROBERT T. YUAN, Senior Program Officer ADAM P. FAGEN, Program Officer ANNA FARRAR, Financial Associate ANNE F. JURKOWSKI, Senior Program Assistant TOVA G. JACOBOVITS, Senior Program Assistant