Complexity, Security and Civil Society in East Asia Foreign Policies and the Korean Peninsula EDITED BY PETER HAYES AND KIHO YI To access digital resources including: blog posts videos online appendices and to purchase copies of this book in: hardback paperback ebook editions Go to: https://www.openbookpublishers.com/product/326 Open Book Publishers is a non-profit independent initiative. We rely on sales and donations to continue publishing high-quality academic works. Complexity, Security and Civil Society in East Asia Foreign Policies and the Korean Peninsula Edited by Peter Hayes and Kiho Yi http://www.openbookpublishers.com © 2015 Nautilus of America Inc. Copyright of individual chapters is maintained by the chapters’ authors. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0). This license allows you to share, copy, distribute and transmit the work; to adapt the work and to make commercial use of the work providing attribution is made to the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Attribution should include the following information: Peter Hayes and Kiho Yi (eds.), Complexity, Security and Civil Society in East Asia. Foreign Policies and the Korean Peninsula. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0059 In order to access detailed and updated information on the license, please visit: http://www.openbookpublishers.com/isbn/9781783741120#copyright Further details about CC BY licenses are available at http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0/ All the external links were active on 22/05/2015 unless otherwise stated. Digital material and resources associated with this volume are available at http:// www.openbookpublishers.com/isbn/9781783741120#resources ISBN Paperback: 978-1-78374-112-0 ISBN Hardback: 978-1-78374-113-7 ISBN Digital (PDF): 978-1-78374-114-4 ISBN Digital ebook (epub): 978-1-78374-115-1 ISBN Digital ebook (mobi): 978-1-78374-116-8 DOI: 10.11647/OBP.0059 Cover image created by Heidi Coburn, CC BY. All paper used by Open Book Publishers is SFI (Sustainable Forestry Initiative) and PEFC (Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification Schemes) Certified. Printed in the United Kingdom and United States by Lightning Source for Open Book Publishers Contents Contributors vii Preface xi Peter Hayes and Kiho Yi 1 Introduction 1 Peter Hayes, Kiho Yi, and Joan Diamond 2 Global Problems, Complexity, and Civil Society in East Asia 13 Peter Hayes and Richard Tanter 3 Energy Security and the Role of Green Economies in East Asia 85 David von Hippel with Yi Wang, Kae Takase, Tetsunari Iida, Myungrae Cho, and Sun-Jin Yun 4 Urban Security and Complexity in Northeast Asia 223 Sanghun Lee and Takayuki Minato with Peter Hayes 5 Complexity and Weapons of Mass Destruction in Northeast Asia 261 Peter Hayes and Roger Cavazos 6 The Implications of Civic Diplomacy for ROK Foreign Policy 319 Kiho Yi and Peter Hayes with Joan Diamond, Steven Denney, Christopher Green, and Jungmin Seo 7 Anticipating Complex Northeast Asian Futures 393 Peter Hayes, Joan Diamond, and Kiho Yi Bibliography 409 Index 443 Contributors Roger Cavazos served for 22 years in the United States Army at the tactical, operational and strategic levels of war in the policy and intelligence communities. The last 12 years of his career focused on U.S. policy toward China and Taiwan. He lived and worked in China and Korea and was a Minerva Initiative scholar at the Institute for Global Conflict and Cooperation at University of California at San Diego. Email: [email protected] Myungrae Cho is Professor of Urban and Regional Planning at Dankook University, South Korea. He obtained his D.Phil. from the University of Sussex, England. He is Head of Commission on Sustainable Development, City of Seoul, and Head of Commission on Cheonggyecheon Restoration, City of Seoul. He is a former member of the Presidential Commissions on Sustainable Development and on Balanced Development. He is Co-Representative of Korean Citizens' Networks for Environmental Justice and National Trust of Korea. Email: [email protected] Steven Denney is a doctoral student in the Department of Political Science at the University of Toronto. He is also the Managing Editor for SinoNK. com, an online collective of Koreanists and Sinologists who document events, contemporary and historical, on the Korean peninsula and in the Sino-North Korea border region. Steven speaks and reads Korean. Email: [email protected] Joan Diamond is Deputy Director and Senior Scenarist at the Nautilus Institute. She is also Executive Director of the Millennium Alliance for Humanity and the Biosphere. Prior to joining the Institute in 2001, Joan’s career included executive responsibilities in business planning/ strategy, organization transformation, and all administrative functions in Fortune 500 companies, research institutes, and in the Silicon Valley telecommunications industry. Email: [email protected] viii Complexity, Security, And Civil Society In East Asia Christopher Green is a PhD candidate studying North Korean society and economics at Leiden University, the Netherlands. He is also the Manager of International Affairs for Daily NK, a prominent online periodical providing news about North Korea to the international community. He has been studying and writing about North Korean politics, society, philosophy, economics, and international relations for more than 10 years. Email: [email protected] Peter Hayes is Honorary Professor, Centre for International Security Studies, Sydney University, Australia; and Director, Nautilus Institute, Berkeley, California. He works at the nexus of security, environment and energy problems. At Nautilus, he develops techniques to implement near- term solutions to interconnected global problems, and applies them in East Asia, Australia, and South Asia. Email: [email protected] Tetsunari Iida is Founder and Executive Director of the Institute for Sustainable Energy Policies, Japan. He has served on many government and non-government boards and committees in the field of energy and environmental policy. Tetsunari Iida is responsible for the idea of a Japanese green power scheme and was involved in developing Japan’s first green power certificate and in the development of a financing scheme for Japan’s first community-owned wind power project. Email: [email protected] Sanghun Lee is Associate Professor at Hanshin University where he teaches courses about environment, ecology, and urban and regional development. His research interests include the political ecology of water, energy, and risk management, especially in East Asia. Sanghun has a Ph.D. from the Department of Environmental Planning at Seoul National University (2001). Email: [email protected] Takayuki Minato is Associate Professor at the Department of International Studies at the University of Tokyo. Prior to his career in academia, Takayuki spent ten years working in Japan, the U.S., and Thailand, including a two- year secondment from JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency) to the Asian Institute of Technology. Email: [email protected] Jungmin Seo is Professor of Political Science and International Studies at Yonsei University. He taught at the University of Hawaii at Manoa before joining Yonsei University in Korea. His research interests include Chinese and Korean politics, the politics of international migration, forms Contributors ix of nationalism in East Asia, and state-society relations in discursive realms. He has a Ph.D. in political science from the University of Chicago. Email: [email protected] Kae Takase is a senior economist at Governance Design Laboratory, and a researcher at the Center for Low Carbon Society Strategy, the Japan Science and Technology Agency, and the University of Tokyo, specializing in energy economic model analysis, and renewable and energy conservation policies. She received her Ph.D. in environmental studies from the Graduate School of Frontier Science, University of Tokyo. She has previously worked for several major Japanese energy-related institutes. Email: [email protected] Richard Tanter is Senior Research Associate at the Nautilus Institute, and Honorary Professor in the School of Political and Social Studies at the University of Melbourne. Email: [email protected] David Von Hippel is a Senior Associate at the Nautilus Institute. His recent work with Nautilus has included extensive analyses of the patterns of fuel use and prospects for energy sector redevelopment in North Korea, and work with a group of Northeast Asian energy researchers to develop and evaluate the energy security implications of different national energy paths. He holds a Ph.D. in Energy and Resources from the University of California-Berkeley. Email: [email protected] Yi Wang is a professor and Director General of the Institute of Policy and Management, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Prof. Wang also serves as a Member of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress of China and Vice Chair of the ISO Climate Change Coordinating Committee. His major publications include the annual China Sustainable Development Report (CSDR), China Study series, and Towards a Sustainable Asia: Green Transition and Innovation. E-mail: [email protected] Kiho Yi is Executive Director of the Center for Peace and Public Integrity at Hanshin University and Professor of King Jeongjo college of Liberal Arts at Hanshin University. Yi is Executive Director of the Asia