CONTENTS UNIT-I: Major Dynasties Early Medieval India (750-1200 AD) 1.1 Major Dynasties of North India (750-1200) ....7 Position of the Women .....................................16 Introduction ..................................................... 7 Education and Learning ...................................16 The Tripartite Struggle ...................................... 7 Religious Developments ...................................17 The Pratiharas (8th to 10th Century) .................... 8 Nature of Society .............................................17 The Palas (8th to 11th Century) ........................... 9 Rise of Self-suffi cient Village Economies ..........17 The Rashtrakutas ............................................10 Decline of Trade ..............................................17 The Senas (11th to 12th Century) ........................10 Decline of Town and Cities ...............................18 The Rajaputa’s Origin .......................................11 1.2 Cholas & Other South Indian Kingdoms ........ 19 Chandellas ......................................................11 The Cholas ......................................................19 Chahamanas ...................................................12 Chola Administration .......................................21 Gahadvalas .....................................................13 Indian Feudalism .............................................13 Socio-Economic Life ........................................22 Salient Features of Indian Feudalism ................14 Education and Literature ..................................23 Administration in Northern India Art and Architecture ........................................23 between 8th to 12th Century ...............................14 The Cheras (9th to 12th Century) ........................24 Different types of Feudal Chiefs .......................15 The Yadavas (12th to 13th Century) ....................24 Caste System ..................................................15 Contact with South East Asia ...........................26 UNIT-II: Early Muslim Invasions 2.1 Early Muslim Invasions.............................. 29 Mahmud of Ghazni ..........................................29 The Arab Conquest of Sindh .............................29 Muhammad Ghori ............................................30 UNIT-III: The Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526 AD) 3.1 The Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526 Ad) ...........33 Muhammad bin Tughlaq (1325-1351 AD) ..........40 Introduction ....................................................33 Tughlaq Dynasty 1321-1398 AD .......................41 Slave/Mamluk Dynasty (Ilbari Turks) .................33 Transfer of Capital ...........................................42 Qutbuddin Aibak (1206-1210 AD) .....................33 Token Currency ...............................................42 Iltutmish (1210-1236 AD) .................................34 Taxation in Doab Region and Raziya Sultan1236-1240 AD) ............................34 Agricultural Reforms ........................................43 Nasirud-din-Mahmud (1246-1266 AD) ...............35 Rebellions .......................................................43 Balban (1266-1287 AD) ....................................35 Firuz Tughlaq (1351-1388 AD) ..........................43 The Khalji Dynasty (1290-1320 AD) ...................37 The Sayyid Dynasty ..........................................45 Alauddin Khilji (1296-1316 AD) .........................37 Lodi Dynasty ...................................................45 Expansion of Delhi Sultanate ............................38 Bahlol Lodi (1451-1489 AD) .............................45 Reforms of Alauddin Khilji ................................39 Sikandar Lodi (1489-1517 AD) ..........................45 Qutbud-din Mubarak Khilji (1316-1320 AD) ........40 Ibrahim Lodi (1517-1526 AD)............................45 The Tughlaq Dynasty (1320-1414 AD) ...............40 Challenges Faced by the Sultanate ...................46 3.2 Delhi Sultanate (Administration, Coins of Delhi Sultanate ...................................54 Economy, & Society) ................................. 48 Social Life .......................................................55 Introduction ....................................................48 Art and Architecture ........................................56 Administration .................................................49 Music..............................................................56 Provincial Administration .................................50 Literature ........................................................57 Local Administration ........................................50 Alberuni’s Kitab-ul-Hind ....................................57 Caliph-Sultan Relationship ...............................50 Caste-ridden Society ........................................58 Economy .........................................................51 Closed Society ................................................58 Iqta System .....................................................52 Stagnant Knowledge ........................................58 Taxation ..........................................................52 Social Evils ......................................................59 Urbanization ....................................................53 Religious Beliefs and Practices ........................59 Causes for Change in Urban Economy ..............53 Scientifi c Knowledge and Legal System ............59 UNIT-IV: The Mughals & Surs 4.1 THE Mughals ...........................................62 Revolt of Sikhs ................................................78 Babur ..............................................................62 Revolt of the Marathas .....................................79 Military Conquest ............................................62 Decline of the Mughals ....................................80 Humayun ........................................................63 Causes for the Downfall of the Mughals ...........82 Sher Shah........................................................64 4.2 Mughal Administration, Society & Culture .... 84 Sher Shah’s Administration...............................65 Introduction ....................................................84 Land Revenue System ......................................65 Mughal Central Administration .........................84 Other Reforms .................................................66 The Emperor....................................................84 Estimate of Sher Shah .....................................67 Wazir (Wakil) ...................................................85 Fall of Sur Dynasty ...........................................67 Diwan-i-Kul ......................................................85 Mughal Dynasty (Akbar Onwards) .....................68 Mir Bakshi .......................................................85 Akbar (1556-1605 AD) .....................................68 Sadr-ul-Sudur ..................................................85 Rajasthan ........................................................69 Chief Qazi .......................................................86 Campaign Against Afghans .............................69 Mir Saman.......................................................86 Punjab and North West ....................................70 Provincial Administration .................................86 Deccan ...........................................................70 Local Administration ........................................87 Religious Policy ...............................................71 Military Organization .......................................88 Land Revenue System ......................................72 Land Revenue System ......................................88 Mansabdari System .........................................72 Mansab and Jagir System ................................89 Jahangir (1605-1627 AD) .................................72 Economic and Social Life .................................90 Religious Policy of Jahangir .............................74 Muslim Society ................................................91 Nur Jahan .......................................................74 Hindu Society ..................................................92 Shah Jahan (1627-1658 AD) .............................75 Position of Women ..........................................92 Religious Policy of Shah Jahan .........................76 Growth of Trade ...............................................93 Aurangzeb (1658-1707) ...................................76 Mughal Coinage ..............................................94 Deccan Policy..................................................77 Language and Literature ..................................95 Religious Policy ...............................................77 Art and Architecture ........................................95 Revolt of Jats ..................................................78 Painting ..........................................................96 Revolt of Satnamis ..........................................78 Music..............................................................97 UNIT-V: Vijaynagar, Bahamani & Other Regional Kingdoms 5.1 Vijaynagar, Bahamani & Other Regional Vijaynagar Kingdom .........................................99 Kingdoms...............................................