Unit The Young Republic 1789–1850 CHAPTER 4 Federalists and Republicans 1789–1816 CHAPTER 5 Growth and Division 1816–1832 CHAPTER 6 The Spirit of Reform 1828–1845 CHAPTER 7 Manifest Destiny 1840–1848 Why It Matters Internal improvements and industrial development began to transform the United States in the early 1800s, but these changes also highlighted the growing differences between the North and South and set the stage for civil war. At the same time, Americans fought a war with Mexico and continued to expand west, building a nation that stretched from the Atlantic to the Pacific. 150 Winterthur Museum The bustle and excitement of an Election Day in Philadelphia in the early 1800s 151 Chapter FFederalistsederalists andand Republicans 1789–1816 SECTION 1 Washington and Congress SECTION 2 Partisan Politics SECTION 3 Jefferson in Office SECTION 4 The War of 1812 This detail from Jean Leon Gerome Ferris’s painting Washington’s Inauguration at Independence Hall, 1793 shows Washington being greeted by John Adams and Thomas Jefferson. 1804 • Lewis and Clark begin to explore the 1789 Louisiana Purchase • Washington Washington J. Adams Jefferson 1797–1801 1801–1809 becomes 1789–1797 1794 1803 president • Jay’s Treaty • Louisiana Purchase is signed doubles size of the nation U.S. PRESIDENTS U.S. EVENTS 1790 1795 1800 WORLD EVENTS 1789 1793 1798 • French • Louis XVI is • Quasi-War between Revolution guillotined during France and the US begins French Revolution begins 152 Chapter 4 Federalists and Republicans MAKING CONNECTIONS Why Do People Form Political Parties? The Constitution does not mention political parties, and the Founders thought they were a bad idea in a democ- racy, yet almost immediately after the federal govern- ment was created, political parties began to take shape. • What role do you think political parties played in the early Congress? • Are parties necessary for government to work? 1814 • Hartford Convention meets • Treaty of Ghent is signed Analyzing Political Parties Create a Madison 1812 Concept Map Foldable that compares the differ- 1809–1817 1811 • United States ent points of each political party. List the groups • Battle of Tippecanoe breaks declares war up Tecumseh’s confederacy that supported them on Britain and their attitudes Political Parties toward territorial Federalists Republicans 1805 1810 1815 expansion and a national bank. 1805 1812 1816 • British navy wins • Napoleon • Argentina Battle of Trafalgar invades, then declares )JTUPSZ 0/-*/& Chapter Overview • Russia begins building retreats from independence Visit glencoe.com to preview Chapter 4. forts in Alaska Russia Chapter 4 Federalists and Republicans 153 Section 1 Washington and Congress resident Washington and the First Congress had to Guide to Reading Pdecide how to make the new government function Big Ideas effectively. The conflicting philosophies of Thomas Individual Action George Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton became the basis for Washington helped define the new two new political parties. American presidency. Content Vocabulary • cabinet (p. 154) Creating a New Government • bond (p. 156) MAIN Idea • speculator (p. 157) With the adoption of the Constitution, American leaders had to establish a new national government to deal effectively with the chal- • enumerated powers (p. 157) lenges facing the nation. • implied powers (p. 157) • agrarianism (p. 159) HISTORY AND YOU Have you ever had to accomplish something based on a complicated plan? Read on to find out how American leaders carried out the Academic Vocabulary specifications of the new Constitution. • revenue (p. 155) • creditor (p. 156) The Philadelphia Convention had given the nation a new Constitution. George Washington’s task, and the task facing the People and Events to Identify newly elected Congress, was to take the words of the Constitution • Tariff of 1789 (p. 156) and turn them into an effective government for the United States. • Bank of the United States (p. 158) To get the government up and running, the president needed a • Whiskey Rebellion (p. 158) bureaucracy to handle different responsibilities. In 1789 Congress created the Department of State, the Department of the Treasury, Reading Strategy the Department of War, and the Office of the Attorney General. Organizing Complete a graphic orga- To manage these departments, Washington wanted individuals nizer similar to the one below by indi- who were “disposed to measure matters on a Continental Scale,” cating the tasks completed by the first instead of thinking only of their own states. He chose Thomas Congress under the Constitution. Jefferson as secretary of state, Alexander Hamilton as secretary of the treasury, and General Henry Knox as secretary of war. For attorney general, Washington selected Edmund Randolph, the former gover- Tasks of nor of Virginia. Washington regularly met with these men to ask Congress for their advice. The department heads came to be known as the cabinet, a group of advisers to the president. Congress also established the federal judiciary. In the Judiciary Act of 1789, Congress established 13 district courts, three courts of appeal, and the Supreme Court. With the Senate’s consent, Washington chose the federal judges and selected John Jay to become the first chief justice of the United States. The Bill of Rights One of the most important acts of Congress was the introduction of the Bill of Rights. During the campaign to ratify the Constitution, the Federalists had promised to add such amendments. James Madison, one of the leaders in Congress, made the passage of a bill of rights top 154 Chapter 4 Federalists and Republicans Origins of the Bill of Rights Virginia Virginia Statute Magna Carta English Bill of American Bill of Basic Rights Declaration of for Religious (1215) Rights (1689) Rights (1791) Rights (1776) Freedom (1786) No state religion Freedom of worship limited Freedom of speech Right to petition limited Right to bear arms No quartering troops in private homes without permission No searches and seizures without a specifi c search warrant Government cannot take away life, liberty, or property unless it follows proper court procedures (due process) Right to a speedy public trial by jury and to a lawyer No excessive bail, fi nes, or cruel and unusual punishment Analyzing VISUALS 1. Specifying Which right was established in the Magna Carta and appears in all subsequent documents? 2. Explaining Which two rights are the only ones unique to the American Bill of Rights, and why do you think that is? priority. He hoped it would demonstrate the last two set limits on the powers of the new good faith of federal leaders and build support national government. The Ninth Amendment for the new government. states that the people have other rights not In drafting the Bill of Rights, Madison relied listed. The Tenth Amendment states that any heavily on the Virginia Declaration of Rights powers not specifically given to the federal that George Mason had prepared in 1776 and government are reserved for the states. the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom that Thomas Jefferson had written in 1786. In late September 1789, Congress agreed on 12 con- Financing the Government stitutional amendments. They were then sent Having organized the new federal govern- to the states for ratification, but only 10 were ment, the next most pressing need was a source approved. These 10 went into effect and are of revenue. Without money, the government generally referred to as the Bill of Rights. The could not operate. Madison and Hamilton first eight protect the rights of individuals responded to this need with different plans for against actions of the federal government. The financing the government. Chapter 4 Federalists and Republicans 155 The Tariff of 1789 James Madison sug- Few believed the bonds would be repaid in gested that the federal government raise most full, and they had fallen in value to as little as of its money by taxing imports. After much 10 cents on the dollar. In 1790 Hamilton asked discussion, Congress passed the Tariff of 1789. Congress to redeem the bonds at full value. This law required importers to pay a percent- Hamilton believed that if the United States age of the value of their cargo when they accepted these debts at full value, then wealthy landed it in the United States. Shippers also creditors, bankers, and merchants who owned had to pay tonnage—a tax based on how much the bonds would have a stake in the new gov- their ships carried. ernment’s success and enough confidence in The tariffs and tonnage rates angered many its financial stability to lend it money in the Southern planters. High tonnage rates meant future. Hamilton had described the importance they would be charged higher rates to ship of debt several years earlier: their rice and tobacco to Europe. The new tariff also meant that the imported goods the South PRIMARY SOURCE needed would cost more. Many Southerners “A national debt if it is not excessive will be to us a began to suspect that the federal government national blessing; it will be a powerfull cement of was opposed to their region’s interests. our union. It will also create a necessity for keeping up taxation . which without being oppressive, Hamilton’s Financial Program Hamilton will be a spur to industry. .” supported the Tariff of 1789, but he believed —from Alexander Hamilton, letter to Robert Morris, the government also needed the ability to bor- April 30, 1781 row money. To fund the Revolutionary War, the Confederation Congress had issued bonds— paper notes promising to repay money after a Opposition to Hamilton’s Plan Led by certain length of time with interest. By 1789, Madison, critics argued that Hamilton’s plan the United States owed roughly $40 million to was unfair to the original purchasers of the American citizens and another $11.7 million to bonds.