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Permission to use Heritage History documents or images for commercial purposes, or more information about our collection of traditional history resources can be obtained by contacting us at [email protected] Original Copyright 1907 by Sisters of Notre Dame. 2 Distributed by Heritage History 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS THE CHURCH IN THE BRITISH ISLES ............................... 59 I. NORMANS AND PLANTAGENETS ............................... 59 STRUGGLE OF THE CHURCH FOR INDEPENDENCE ............ 4 II. HERESY IN ENGLAND .............................................. 67 I. THE CONTEST OF INVESTITURES ............................... 4 III. THE CHURCH IN SCOTLAND .................................. 70 II. ECCLESIASTICAL INDEPENDENCE SECURED ............ 8 IV. THE CHURCH IN IRELAND ...................................... 72 THE HERESIES OF THE 12TH AND 13TH CENTURIES .......... 11 CHRONOLOGICAL OUTLINE ......................................... 74 I. THE HERESIES. ......................................................... 11 II. MEASURES OF SUPPRESSION ................................... 13 SHORT LIST OF BOOKS ................................................. 76 THE CRUSADES ................................................................. 17 I. CAUSES OF THE CRUSADES. ...................................... 17 II. HISTORY OF THE CRUSADES ................................... 18 III. RESULTS OF THE CRUSADES .................................. 25 MILITARY AND RELIGIOUS ORDERS ............................... 26 I. CHIVALRY AND THE MILITARY ORDERS ................. 26 II. RELIGIOUS ORDERS ................................................ 29 TOWNS AND UNIVERSITIES .............................................. 36 I. TOWNS AND GUILDS. ................................................ 36 II. UNIVERSITIES AND SCHOOLS .................................. 40 THE WESTERN SCHISM AND THE RENASCENCE.............. 46 I. ROME AND AVIGNON. ............................................... 46 II. AFFAIRS IN THE EAST .............................................. 51 III. THE MOORS IN SPAIN ............................................ 53 IV. THE RENASCENCE.................................................. 55 Original Copyright 1907 by Sisters of Notre Dame. 3 Distributed by Heritage History 2010 youthful religious would do good service for the Church. From Cluny he passed to the Court of Henry III. of Germany, where CHAPTER I his preaching struck everyone by its apostolic vehemence. We next find him in Rome, where he assisted Pope Gregory VI. till his abdication, and continued with him till his death, when STRUGGLE OF THE CHURCH FOR he once more took up his abode at Cluny with the intention of INDEPENDENCE spending the remainder of his life in that holy solitude. But as Pope Leo IX. passed to Rome some years later, on his way to take possession of the Holy See, to which he had been nominated by Henry IV., son and successor of Henry III., he called at Cluny, and was so struck with Hildebrand's power and zeal that he took him to Rome, ordained him deacon, and soon after promoted him to the Cardinalate. But Hildebrand had not been idle during the months that preceded his elevation to the Sacred College. He had induced Pope Leo to submit to canonical election by the clergy and people of Rome in spite of the imperial nomination which had selected him for the office. This was the first of the long series of Hildebrand's hard-won victories over the encroachments of the temporal power on the rights of the Church. I. THE CONTEST OF INVESTITURES For twenty-five years Hildebrand was the counsellor and support of the Popes, six of whom followed one another in A new era dawned for Western Catholicism when rapid succession. Most of these Pontiffs were elected at the Gregory VII. ascended the Papal throne. His influence had suggestion or by the influence of Hildebrand. During these been at work long before he was raised to the Pontificate, but years he was employed as Legate of the Holy See in Germany the results of his labours were too far-reaching to be visible and France, where he strove to carry out the reforms decreed during his own lifetime. In order to understand all that this by the Pope. grand medieval Pope did for the Church, it will be necessary The feudal system had given rise to many abuses, the to give a short account of his earlier career, and of the Church being almost at the mercy of the sovereigns and difficulties with which he had to contend after his election. greater nobles. This had resulted in unworthy persons being Gregory VII., almost better known in general history as nominated to sees, abbeys, and other benefices. Besides these Hildebrand, was the son of a Tuscan craftsman. He passed the lay nominees being too often men of scandalous lives, many whole of his boyhood and youth in the shelter of the cloister, had purchased the presentation to benefices by heavy bribes. commencing his studies at St. Mary's on the Aventine In This practice was so common, that even the better-disposed Rome, and completing them at the famous monastery of princes connived at it, as they drew most of their revenues Cluny, under the Abbot St. Odilo, who foretold that the Original Copyright 1907 by Sisters of Notre Dame. 4 Distributed by Heritage History 2010 from this source, while the most shameless openly sold the enforced celibacy on the clergy, for this law of the Church also benefices to the highest bidder. was constantly set aside at this period. The greatest service Moreover, sovereigns not only exercised their was rendered to the cause of virtue by the Monastic Institutes. pretended right of nomination, but they claimed that of A high standard of pure living was kept up, and those who investiture also. This was another feudal custom—whenever a endeavoured to carry out papal injunctions found their firmest suzerain conferred a fief upon a vassal, he did so by handing support in the monks. The Cluniacs were in the vanguard of him some symbol by which the transfer of property and of the defenders of the Holy See, but the new orders springing up rights was not only signified, but actually conferred. Then the at the time lent important aid. These were the Carnaldolese, vassal did homage for the grant, and swore to be the lord's the Monks of Vallombrosa, the Carthusians, and the Cistercians, all founded in the eleventh century. A marked man, and to defend him and his rights against all comers. As long as temporal possessions and powers were thus granted improvement began to make itself felt, especially in the lower and acknowledged, all was well. But an abuse had arisen by classes of the laity. which sovereigns took to themselves the right of giving the Another important point gained by the strenuous action ring and crosier to the men they had selected as bishops or of Hildebrand was the decree issued in 1059 by Pope Nicholas abbots. These objects are symbols of spiritual powers, the ring II. vesting the right of papal elections in the College of denoting the espousal of a bishop to his diocese, the crosier the Cardinals alone. office of shepherd of the fold of Christ. As this investiture was At the funeral of Alexander II. in 1073, a singular made, and the homage was rendered, before consecration, scene occurred. The assembled people became excited, cries of there was great danger that it would get to be held that "Hildebrand Pope!" were heard. Hildebrand attempted to ecclesiastics received their spiritual powers from the mount the pulpit to calm and silence them, but a Cardinal sovereign. That some such idea did gain ground may account forestalled him. The members of the Sacred College present for the fact that in our own country, as late as the reign of had hastily consulted together and determined on their course Henry VIII., it was not all at once understood