Name, group Phylum: Echinodermata Classes: sea stars Asteroidea / brittle stars Ophiuroidea / 48 Echinoidea - sea urchins Macroskopic. Sketch of a brittle star: Sea star Sketch in the brittle star. Note and write down differences between brittle and sea stars. A madrepore is visible on the dorsal side of a sea-star. It is a peroforated wart- resembling plate. Mark it on the picture. What is its function? Where is „Aristotles lantern“ situated? What is its function? What is ambulacral system and how does it work? Name, group Phylum: ............................................. 49 Subphylum: Tunicata Classes: Ascidiacea – sea squirts / Thaliacea – salps Macroskopic What phyllum do Sea sqiurts and Thaliaceans belong to? What is the way of life of Tunicates? Notes: Name, group Phylum: Chordata; Subphylum: Vertebrata 50 Class: Petromyzontida – lampreys sea lamprey – Petromyzon marinus Macroskopic Sketch in the mouth.What is the food of marine lamprey? How many gill slits have lampreys? What is the anadromous migration observed in many lampreys (including the marine)? Notes: Name, group Phylum: Chordata; Subphylum: Vertebrata 51 Class: Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fish Subclass: Elasmobranchii – containig sharks&rays Macroscopic Sketch in the gill slits and fins of a shark. Name the fins (dorsal, pectoral, anal, pelvic, caudal). What is the name of opening behind the eye and what is its function? The scales of sharks are homologic to teeth, what is the name of this type of scales? Notes: Name, group Phylum: Chordata; Subphylum: Vertebrata 52 Class: Actinopterygii ray-finned fishes Subclass: Chondrostei; sterlet – Acipenser ruthenus Macroscopic Typical fish vertebrae (concave from both sides) Sketch in the caudal fin of sterlet, name the fins. What is the type of caudal fin in sturgeons? Sketch in the mouth, in what position to the head is it? Where do sturgeons feed and what is their main food? Notes: caudal fins: difycercous, heterocercous, homocercous Name, group Phylum: Chordata; Subphylum: Vertebrata 53 Class: Actinopterygii ray-finned fishes Subclass: Neopterygii . Try to identify the species of fish and put them in correct taxonomical orders. zander (Sander lucioperca), sole fish (Solea sp.), pipefish (Syngnathus sp.), seahorse ( Hippocampus sp.), perch (Perca fluviatilis), catfish (Silurus glandis), pike (Esox lucius), Orders: Perciformes: Pleuronectiformes: Beloniformes: Syngnathiformes: Esociformes: Siluriformes: What is the direction of reproductive migration of eels? What order(s) is typical by having ctenoid scales? cycloid ctenoid scale Name, group Phylum: Chordata; Subphylum: Vertebrata 54 Class: Actinopterygii ray-finned fishes Subclass: Neopterygii Identify shown species and put them in correct orders. What zoogeographic regions are the species from? Name 3 other common aquarium fish species. What is their zoogeographic distribution? Some fish are viviparous, what organ is used for internal fertilisation? Notes: Name, group Simplified illustratory key for identification of common genera and species 55 of freshwater fishes in central Europe 1 No pair fins present. Mouth in adults is cylindric, jaws not present, covered with keratinous denticles, larval mouth is horseshoe-shaped. 7 circular gill openings, no scales covering the body....................................…………………..........................................lampreys – Pair fins and jaws present. One pair of gill opening ......……….ray finned fishes…2 2(1) Caudal fin heterocecrous (the upper lobe larger than lower). Body partially covered by 5 rows of flatt rhomboid bone scales………………...Chondrostei – sturgeons – Caudal fin homocercous. Body covered by scales or naked skin.....................................................................................................…...Teleostei…3 3(2) Small adipose fin present on the dorsum, in between the dorsal and caudal fin........4 – No adiposal fin present.................….......…………………………..............………..7 4(3) 4 long barbels present, no scales......................bullhead (Ameiurus spp.) introduced, invasive species – No barbels ......................…………………………………………...............………..5 5(4) Dorsal fin long, with at least 17 rays …………… Grayling (Thymallus thymallus) – Dorsal fin short with maximum of rays reaching 16...............................................…6 6(5) whole body surface (including the fins) densely covered by black dots ..................... .……………………….. rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) introduced, farmed – Body covered by both black and red dots, no dots on the caudal fin .......................... ……………………………………...................... brown trout (Salmo trutta) 7(3) No ventral fins. Body snakelike. Very long dorsal and anal fins and reduced caudal fin from a continuous hem…..................................european eel (Anguilla anguilla) – Ventral side of body having odd anal fin, paired ventral and pectoral fins.........……8 8(7) Odd barbel under mouth. Ventral fins positioned anteriorly to pectoral. Both dorsal and anal fin very long.……….. burbot (Lota lota) freshwater relative of codfishes – No odd barbels. Ventral fins behind pectorals........................................................….9 9(8) Anteriorly to the dorsal fin are 2-3 or more sharp bony rays not interconnected with the dorsal fin ..............………………………...stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) – No loose, sharp, bony rays on the dorsum .…………………………........……….. 10 10(9) Two dorsal fins. Ventral fins at the same level as pectoral, or only little bit more posteriorly positioned. ....………………………………………………………..... 11 – One dorsal fin, with at most 3 hard bony rays. Ventral fins far away from pectorals. .................…………………………………………………………………………. 12 11(10) Both dorsal fins and the caudal fin covered by small dark spots............................... ……………………………………..............………....... zander (Sander lucioperca) – No dark spots on dorsal and caudal fins, but one black mark at the end of 1st dorsal fin. ……………………………………..............…... yellow perch (Perca fluviatilis) Name, group 56 12(10) Anal fin very long, 77 up to 92 rays, in contact with round caudal fin. Tiny dorsal fin, 2 long barbels on upper jaw, 4 shorter barbels on lower jaw. ................................ ..................................................................................... wels catfish (Silurus glanis) – Anal fin consistingo of less than 70 rays......................…………………..……….. 13 13(12) Dorsal fin at the same level as anal fin, head flattened…northern pike (Esox lucius) – Dorsal fin in usual position ……………..................................………….…………14 14(13) Dorsal fin long, at least 17 rays. The longest hard ray of the dorsal an anal fin carrying denticles on the posterior edge. ....……….............................…………….15 – Dorsal fin short, maximum of 14 rays. Anal fin without the hard ray with denticles..………………………………………………………………………….. 16 15(14) 4 barbels ………………………………………………..... carp (Cyprinus carpio) – no barbels …………………………………………............Carassius sp. 16(14) 2 or 4 barbels................ ……………………………………………….....………..17 – no barbels ...............………………………………………………………..........….19 17(16) 4 barbels ………………………………………. common barbel (Barbus barbus) – 2 barbels ……………………………………………………..........……..................18 18(17) Very small scales. No spots on fins, round edges of fins...........tench (Tinca tinca) – Large scales, fins with spots, edges of fins straight, caudal fin with evident concavity ……………………………………………….....…gudgeon (Gobio sp.) 19(16) Eyes positioned very low, in lower half of head, the lower edge of eye being lower than the mouthline. ……….... bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys sp.) introduced – Eyes in usual position……………………………………….....………….......….. 20 20(19) Anal fin long, at least 19 soft rays ………….. common bream (Abramis brama) – Anal fin short, 6 to 14 soft rays ..........................……………………………......... 21 21(20) Lower jaw longer than upper jaw, with the frontal edge with a node that fits a concavity in the upper jaw. Terminal, large mouth, edge up to the eye ...................................................................................................asp (Aspius aspius) – No concavity in upper jaw. Inferior mouth, if terminal then small (with one exception in case of chub) ...........................……………………………………… 22 22(21) Small superior mouth. Dorsal fin is behind the level of the ventral fins...................... ...……………………………............. common rud (Scardinius erythropthalmus) – Dorsal fin at the level of the ventral fins ……..........……………....………………23 23(22) Dorsal and caudal fin with concavity. Red iris. Common roach (Rutilus rutilus) – Dorsal and caudal fin with rounded. Iris green, grey-green..................................... ...........................................................................chub (Leuciscus cephalus) Name, group 57 List of species in the ilustratory key for identification Species order 1. European brook lamprey Lampetra planeri (Bloch, 1784) (Petromyzontiformes) 2. sterlet Acipenser ruthenus Linnaeus, 1758 (Acipenseriformes) 3. European eel Anguilla anguilla (Linnaeus, 1758) (Anguilliformes) 4. Common roach Rutilus rutilus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Cypriniformes) 5. European chub Leuciscus cephalus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Cypriniformes) 6. Common rud Scardinius erythrophthalmus (Linnaeus, 1758)(Cypriniformes) 7. asp Aspius aspius (Linnaeus, 1758) (Cypriniformes) 8. tench Tinca tinca (Linnaeus, 1758) (Cypriniformes) 9. gudgeon Gobio gobio (Linnaeus, 1758) (Cypriniformes)