UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS B ULLETIN VOL. 6. SEPTEMBER 15, 1908. NO. 3. (Entered at Urbana as Second-Class Matter.) The Mineral Content of Illinois Waters By EDWARD BARTOW, J. A. UDDEN, S. W. PARR and GEORGE T. PALMER. WATER SURVEY SERIES No 4. URBANA, ILLINOIS Published by the University. SPRINGFIELD: I LLINOIS STATE J OURNAL CO., STATE PRINTERS 1909. STATE WATER SURVEY. Edmund Janes James, Ph. D., LL. D .. .President STAFF. Edward Bartow, Ph. D . .. Director Thomas J. Barrill, Ph. D., LL. D . Consulting Bacteriologist Samuel Wilson Parr, M. S . Consulting Chemist Arthur Newell Talbott, C. E . .Consulting Engineer Lewis Isaac Birdsall, B. A . Chemist Frank Bachmann . .. Bacteriologist Andrew Watson Selards, M. A. Special Assistant Walter G. Strongquist, B. A . .. Assistant Chemist Andrew Jacobson, B. S. Assistant Andrew Clifford Wilkins . Clerk CONTENTS. List of Illustrations . VI Letter of Transmittal . VII Introduction, by Edward Bartow. Historical Statement. 1 Distribution of Waters Analyzed . 2 Geographical . 2 According to Source of Sample . 4 Surface Waters.. 5 Ground Waters. 5 Springs. 5 Shallow Wells . 6 Deep Wells in Drift . 6 Geographical Classification of the Waters of Illinois; by J. A. Udden. 8 Source of the Ground Water . .. 8 Recent Lowering of the Head of the Ground Water. .. 8 The Water Bearing Formations . 9 Pottsdam Sandstone. 9 Lower Magnesian Limestone . 11 St. Peter Sandstone . 12 Trenton-Galena Formation . 15 Niagara Limestone. 16 Devonian Strata . 16 Lower Carboniferous . 17 Coal Measures . 17 Pleistocene . 17 Bowlder Clay. 18 Alluvial deposits. 19 Loess . 20 Springs .. 21 Classification of Mineral Waters According to Physical and Chemical Properties; by Edward Bartow . 22 General . 22 A German Classification . 22 A French Classification. 23 An English Classification. 23 Peale's Classification . 24 Modifications of Peale's Classification . .. 24 Conclusions . 26 Methods and Interpretations, by Edward Bartow. .. 30 Methods of Analysis. 30 Sanitary . 30 Mineral. 35 Method of Reporting Analyses of the Mineral Content. 37 Factors for Calculating Hypothetical Combinations from Ions. 38 Interpretation of Results. 38 Sanitary Water Analysis . 38 Surface Waters.. 39 Spring Waters . 40 Waters from Shallow Wells in Drift. .. 40 Waters from Deep Drift Wells. .. 42 Waters from Deep Wells in Rock . 43 Summary . 48 Analysis of the Mineral Content. 48 Surface waters. 48 Springs.. 49 Drift Wells. 50 Deep Wells in Rock . 52 General Observations . 54 Summary of the Results of the Analysis of the Mineral Content . .. 48 Boiler Waters; by S. W. Parr . 56 Mineral Springs of Illinois; by George T. Palmer. M. D . 62 Table of Analyses . 76 Index . 189 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Plates Page 1 . Geological Map of Illinois (after Leverett). 13 2 . Sodium Carbonate in Illinois Waters . 28 3 . Magnesium Sulphate in Illinois Waters . 29 4 . Chlorine in Springs . 41 5 . Residue in Deep Drift Wells . 44 6 . Chlorine in Deep Drift Wells . 45 7 . Residue in Deep Wells in Rock . 46 8 . Chlorine in Deep Wells in Rock . 47 9 . Alkalinity of Illinois Waters . 53 VII LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. S TATE WATER S URVEY, U NIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS. Edmund Janes James, Ph. D., LL. D., President University of Illinois: SIR:—Herewith I submit material for a report upon the Mineral Content of Illinois Waters, and recommend that it be published as a bulletin of the University of Illinois, State Water Survey, Series No. 4. This report is also to be published as a bulletin of the State Geological Survey, No. 10, an arrangement in accordance with a co- operative agreement between the State Geological Survey and the State Water Survey. The tables of analyses have been compiled from the records of the State Water Survey. Dr. J. A. Udden of Augustana College and the State Geological Survey, has prepared a chapter on the Geological Classification of the Waters of Illinois and Professor S. W. Parr, Consulting Chemist of the State Water Survey has prepared one on water for boilers and other industrial uses. Dr. George Thomas Palmer, M. D., Editor of the Chicago Clinic and Pure Water Journal, has prepared the chapter on the Medicinal Springs of Illinois. The State Water Survey is under great obliga- tion to these gentlemen for their assistance and also to Dr. H. Fos- ter Bain, Director of the State Geological, whose interest in the sub- ject has made the completion of the report possible. The report as a whole is to be considered as essentially prelim- inary and is designed to place in the hands of the State accurate an- alyses of the water from the different geological horizons and geo- graphical districts. To aid in the use of these tables the brief special discussions already noted, have been prepared together with chapters on the interpretation of the sanitary water analysis. It is planned by the Geological Survey to follow this bulletin with special studies of the water resources of the particular areas so far as these resources are dependent upon the geological conditions. One such report, the Water Resources of the East St. Louis District,* a brief preliminary statement regarding the Water Resources of the Springfield Area,** and a paper on the Artesian Wells in Peoria and Vicinity*** have *Bull. 5, Water Resources of the East St. Louis District; by Isaiah Bowman and C. A. Reeds. **Water Resources of the Springfield Quadrangle; by T. E. Savage, State Geological Survey. Bull. 4, pp 235-244. ***Udden, J. A., Year Book for 1907, State Geological Survey, Bull. 9, pp. 315-334. VIII already been published, A general report upon the underground structure of the State as [related to artesian waters is planned, and Dr. J. A. Udden is accumulating data for it More analyses of the same kind are being made, especial attention being paid to the water used by the various municipalities. The services of the two Surveys have been frequently called into requisition by cities, towns, railways, and manufacturers desiring to secure better or larger water supplies. In a number of instances it has been possible to make positive recommendations which have been followed with good results. In other cases our present data have proven too incomplete to permit of a certain answer to the ques- tions raised. It is proposed to continue the work with a view to giv- ing progressively better service as the records become more complete. It is believed that there are few, if any,.