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NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOTCHAPTER FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 2 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & BartlettOUTLINE Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Overview of • Concepts • Overview of Plant Structure Plant Life • Overview of Plant Metabolism © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC • Overview© of Jones Information & Bartlett in Plants Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION • OverviewNOT of Plant FOR Diversity SALE and OR DISTRIBUTION LEARNING OBJECTIVES Evolution After reading this chapter, students will be able to: • Overview of Plant Ecology • Describe the basic internal and external organization of plants. Box 2-1 Alternatives: Familiar Plants and • Compare© Jones plant & and Bartlett human Learning,metabolism. LLC © JonesSome & BartlettConfusing Learning, Look-Alikes LLC • ListNOT three FORsources SALE from whichOR DISTRIBUTION plants receive information. NOT BoxFOR 2-2 SALEAlternatives: OR PlantsDISTRIBUTION Without • Define and give examples of haploid and diploid plants. Photosynthesis • Explain the concept of clades. Box 2-3 Plants and People: Toxic Plants • Describe the interconnected dynamic between photosynthetic Box 2-4 Botany and Beyond: Noah’s Flood © Jones & organismsBartlett andLearning, organisms LLC that respire. © Jones & Bartlett andLearning, Population LLC Biology NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Did You© Jones Know? & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Chapter OpenerNOT Image: FOR The SALEhabitat here OR in DISTRIBUTION Yellowstone National Park changed dramatically • Plants, as distinct from algae, have existed for more than and suddenly in 1959. An earthquake caused 420 million years. this landslide, which blocked the Madison River, • Photosynthesis captures energy in sunlight and is almost the creating a lake and drowning the trees in the only© sourceJones of & energy Bartlett for all Learning, life on Earth. LLC © Jonesright foreground.& Bartlett Although Learning, the landslide LLC looks • There are almost 297,000 species of living plants and about barren, small plants are growing and life is NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FORrecovering. SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 1,260,000 species of animals. • Plants are adapted to live everywhere on land in extraordinarily diverse conditions except where it is severely cold (under permanent snow and ice) or dry (parts of the Sahara Desert). © Jones &• PlanBartlettts defend Learning, themselves LLC from herbivores with spines ©and Jones poisons & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALEbut simultaneously OR DISTRIBUTION provide food for animals that pollinateNOT them. FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 22 9781284157468_CH02_Pass04.indd 22 12/09/19 12:18 pm © Jones & Bartlett Learning LLC, an Ascend Learning Company. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. ❚ Concepts © Jones Anyone& Bartlett reading Learning, this text is probably LLC familiar with animal © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORlife. SALE We each OR know DISTRIBUTION quite a bit about our own body, our organs,NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION our metabolism, and the way in which we inherited DNA from our parents. We know that all humans are members of one extremely diverse species, Homo sapiens, a species in which individuals differ from each other in almost every possible character such as height,© athletic Jones ability, & intelligence,Bartlett Learning, health, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC talent, interests, goals, ambitions,NOT FOR spirituality, SALE and OR more. DISTRIBUTION We NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION know that we had ancient ancestors, hominids who preceded the first Homo sapiens, and we had ancient relatives such as Homo neanderthalensis (Neanderthal Man) and Homo habilis. These other members of Homo are extinct now, but several dis- tant relatives© Jones such as& chimpanzees,Bartlett Learning, orangutans, andLLC gorillas are © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC part ofNOT our evolutionary FOR SALE family. OR Most DISTRIBUTION of us are probably not too NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION familiar with our own ecology except that we are social animals (we live in cities and do things in groups), we consume a large part of Earth’s resources, and produce harmful pollution. © Jones & BartlettBeyond our Learning, knowledge ofLLC our own biology, most of us are© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC also familiar with the biology of other animals such as dogs, NOT FORcats, SALE mosquitoes, OR DISTRIBUTION bees, whales, and so on. Even if this is the NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION first biology text you have ever read, you are almost certainly a knowledgeable biologist already. Your knowledge of animal biology is an excellent foun- FIGURE 2-1 Shoot tip of cottonwood (Populus deltoides) in late dation for learning about© plant Jones biology. & BartlettPlant life is Learning,based on LLCautumn. It has a central stem with© 15 Jones leaves attached & Bartlett (only the Learning, LLC all the same fundamental principles that underlie the lives of petioles are visible in this close-up view); each petiole attaches animals, fungi, and all otherNOT living FOR beings. SALE Of course, OR DISTRIBUTION plants to the stem at a node. Five nodesNOT each contain FOR one SALE prominent OR DISTRIBUTION do many things differently, but let your knowledge of your axillary bud, each covered with protective bud scales. The very tip own biology guide your study of plant biology. And always of the shoot has a terminal bud. Bud scales protect the delicate keep the two fundamental questions in mind: What are the cells at the center of each bud; after surviving the winter, these alternatives? What are the consequences of each alternative? five axillary buds will grow and produce many small flowers. In © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC springtime, the© terminalJones bud & willBartlett grow as aLearning, continuation ofLLC the NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION shoot, producingNOT more FOR leaves, SALE nodes, andOR internodes, DISTRIBUTION making the branch longer. ❚ Overview of Plant Structure Think about the many types of plants you know. Trees, garden TABLE 2-1 Organs That Comprise Most Plants flowers, grass, bulbs, cacti, and vines for example. Tremen- © Jones &dous Bartlett diversity Learning,is present, but ifLLC we examine each of these, we© JonesVegetative & Bartlett organs Learning, RootsLLC find they all share the same pattern of body organization. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONStems With only a few exceptions, the body of every plant is orga- nized in the following simple way. Leaves Almost every plant consists of one or several stems, each Reproductive organs of flowers Sepals of which has leaves attached at regions called nodes (FIGURE 2-1; TABLE 2-1). Just above© Jones each attachment & Bartlett point Learning,is an axil- LLC © JonesPetals & Bartlett Learning, LLC lary bud, some of whichNOT develop FOR into branches SALE whereasOR DISTRIBUTION others NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Stamens develop into flowers, but many axillary buds remain dormant and never do anything. Stems are typically slender, less than 5 Carpels mm in diameter, but wide ones occur in cacti and other desert plants that use them to store water (FIGURE 2-2). Some stems are extremely© Jones short, & asBartlett in carrots Learning, and cabbage, butLLC vines and texture and in© being Jones evergreen & Bartlett or deciduous, Learning, but the import LLC- bambooNOT typically FOR have SALE extremely OR longDISTRIBUTION stems. ant thing is thatNOT almost FOR all stemsSALE bear OR leaves; DISTRIBUTION they are a part of Leaves, too, are diverse. They range in size from the the fundamental pattern of plant bodies. Hornworts and some gigantic leaves of palms to ones that are merely large, as in liverworts are plants that never produce any kind of leaf at all. Philodendron, down to ones that are small, such as those of Another aspect of the fundamental organization of rosemary (FIGURES 2-3 and 2-4). Although cacti are often plants is that almost all plants have roots (FIGURE 2-5). In © Jones &said Bartlett to be leafless, Learning, all have tiny LLC foliage leaves that are almost © Jonesalmost &all Bartlettplants, roots Learning, are confined LLC to one end of the stem, NOT FORmicroscopically SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONsmall. Leaves vary greatly in shape and NOTbut FOR it is also SALE common OR to DISTRIBUTION see roots emerge along a stem, such Overview of Plant Structure 23 9781284157468_CH02_Pass04.indd 23 12/09/19 12:18 pm © Jones & Bartlett Learning LLC, an Ascend Learning Company. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION FIGURE© Jones2-2 Like many& Bartlett plants adapted Learning, to deserts, LLC golden barrel FIGURE 2-4 ©This Jones is a very & common Bartlett weed Learning, in most gardens, LLC and cactusNOT (Echinocactus FOR grusoniiSALE) storesOR DISTRIBUTIONwater in very broad stems you may haveNOT already FOR spent