THE POTRAIT OF AUSTRALIAN PEOPLE IN THE LATE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY TO EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY AS ILLUSTRATED IN THE ADVENTURES OF RALPH RASHLEIGH BY JAMES TUCKER POTRET MASYARAKAT AUSTRALIA PADA AKHIR ABAD KEDELAPANBELAS KE AWAL ABAD SEMBILANBELAS YANG DIILUSTRASIKAN DI THE ADVENTURES OF RALPH RASHLEIGH KARYA JAMES TUCKER RINA MARLIANA ENGLISH LANGUAGE STUDIES GRADUATE SCHOOL HASANUDDIN UNIVERSITY MAKASSAR 2017 THE POTRAIT OF AUSTRALIAN PEOPLE IN THE LATE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY TO EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY AS ILLUSTRATED IN THE ADVENTURES OF RALPH RASHLEIGH BY JAMES TUCKER POTRET MASYARAKAT AUSTRALIA PADA AKHIR ABAD KEDELAPANBELAS KE AWAL ABAD SEMBILANBELAS YANG DIILUSTRASIKAN DI THE ADVENTURES OF RALPH RASHLEIGH KARYA JAMES TUCKER RINA MARLIANA ENGLISH LANGUAGE STUDIES GRADUATE SCHOOL HASANUDDIN UNIVERSITY MAKASSAR 2017 THE POTRAIT OF AUSTRALIAN PEOPLE IN THE LATE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY TO EARLY NINETEENTH CENTURY AS ILLUSTRATED IN THE ADVENTURES OF RALPH RASHLEIGH BY JAMES TUCKER Thesis As a partial fulfillment to achieve Magister Degree Program English Language Studies Written and submitted by RINA MARLIANA To ENGLISH LANGUAGE STUDIES GRADUATE SCHOOL HASANUDDIN UNIVERSITY MAKASSAR 2017 A STATEMENT OF THESIS AUTHENTICITY The Undersigned; Name : Rina Marliana Register Number : P0600215004 Study Program : English Language Studies State truthfully that this thesis was the result of my own work. If it is proven later that some parts or entire part of this thesis is the work of others, I am willing to accept any sanction for my dishonesty. Makassar, August 2017 Rina Marliana ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Bismillahirrahmanirrahim First of all, the researcher would like to express her great praise to the almighty Allah SWT, Who has given chances, spirits, health, and patience in finishing her thesis and everything she does. Peace and Blessings of Allah upon to noblest Messegers and Prophets, Prophet Muhammad SAW, who has brought human being from darknesss to lightness. Unlimited and unbounded thanks are dedicated to the researcher’s parents: Mappiare, S.Pd the researcher’s father who has given so many helpfulness, spirit, and suggestions for the researcher. Also the researcher’s mother, Rosdiana, S.Pd who always gives her love, support and spirit for her to fnish this thesis. The researcher also expresses his deep appreciation and grateful to her first consultant Prof. Drs. H. Burhanuddin Arafah, M.Hum., Ph.D. and second consultant Dra. Herawaty, M.Hum, M.A., Ph.D. who have given helpful suggestions and ideas for the researcher, and spent their time to help the researcher corrected and finished her thesis. High appreciation are extended to Dr. H. Fathu Rahman, M.Hum as the head of English Language Studies of Post Graduate Program Hasanuddin University, and all the lectures in English Language Studies for advice, motivation, and useful knowledge. her deepest thanks also go to her examiners Dr. H. Fathu Rahman, M.Hum, Dr. Mustafa Makka, M.S, and Dr. H. Sudarmin Harun, M.Hum. for their valuable corrections and suggestions, also for all staffs at Faculty of Cultural Sciences who have helped the researcher in managing all formal deeds during her thesis arrangement. Special grateful also due to her brothers and sisters Agus Iriyanto, Rani Angraeni, Muh. Arif Januarta, and Rezky Annisa Azzahrah who always give support and spirit for the researcher. My most sincere thanks go to all bestfriends at English Language Studies 2015, especially Literature class, Kak Yudi, Kak Accar, Kak Arif, Oji, Kak Waode, Kak Rusni, Susi and Ajeng for their support, participation, and thank you for always accompany the researcher to through a campus life which full of struggle, but also a happiness with all of them. The researcher realizes that this thesis needs to be improved, therefore she appreciates for critics and suggestions. She expects that this thesis could give benefits for all readers. Thank you very much and may Allah always bless us. Aamiin. Makassar, The Researcher TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENT .................................................................... v ABSTRAK ....................................................................................... vii ABSTRACT ..................................................................................... viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................. ix LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................... xi CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ...................................................... 1 A. Background ....................................................................... 1 B. Research Questions ......................................................... 5 C. Objective of the Research ................................................. 5 D. Significance of the Research ............................................. 5 E. Scope of the Research ..................................................... 6 F. Sequence of the Chapters................................................. 6 CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................... 8 A. Previous Related Studies ...................................................... 8 B. Theoretical Background ........................................................ 9 1. Novel as Social Document ............................................... 10 2. History of Australian Early Settlement ............................... 11 a. Convicts .................................................................... 14 b. Aborigines ................................................................. 19 c. Bush Ranger ............................................................. 22 3. Sociology of Literature ……………………………………… 24 C. The Conceptual Framework .................................................. 30 CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .............................. 32 A. Type of Research .................................................................. 32 B. Source of Data ...................................................................... 32 C. Method of Collecting Data ..................................................... 33 D. Method of Analyzing Data ..................................................... 34 E. Steps in Data Analysis ......................................................... 35 CHAPTER IVFINDINGS AND DISCUSSION .................................. 37 A. Findings ................................................................................. 37 1. Portrait of Convicts, Bushranger and common people ...... 37 2. The Portrait of Aborigines in Australia ............................... 61 B. Discussion ............................................................................. 72 CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ........................ 79 A. Conclusion ............................................................................. 79 B. Suggestion ............................................................................ 80 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................. 82 APPENDICES LIST OF FIGURES Number Figure 1. Conceptual Framework .................................................... 30 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION This chapter reveals the background of this research completed by the research questions, the objectives of the research, the significance of the research, scope of the research and the sequence of this research. A. Background A literary work is generally a result of an author’s expression of what he or she is seen in the social life and then expressed by using language as one of their communication tools (Halim, 2003:1). It can be a life experience, an imagination, a feeling, or an idea of the author; which is poured through language then is offered to the public as a description of the social life. In reality, the literature enriches the science competencies that are needed in everyday life. The literature can be a tool to study the relationship created by the authors through their works. There are a lot of moral messages which can be learned and taken from reading literary works and certainly, they are intended as an entertainer for the readers. Social condition, social phenomena, and even the social movement are usually recorded in literary works. There are a lot of writers who have already taken the society, history as the major theme of their literary works. Literature itself is also called as the mirror or reflection of the society. Goodwin in Huggan (2007:3) states that Australia has a large, diverse, and exciting body of creative writing that is at least the equal, possibly envy of envy other national literature. Its compelling themes – the quest for belonging and identity, the pull between land and language. Over several centuries, convicts sentenced to transportation by British court went to the American colonies and then the Australian colonies but their number was relatively small. In 1788 the first fleet arrived in Australia. This colony comes from England. This colony consists of convicts, exile and common people from England. This migration happened because the crime rate was high and the prison was overloaded, so Britain parliament decided to find a solution to this problem. The solution is transporting convicts to a distant place for seven or more years were seen as the ideal solution to overcrowded British jails. The Adventures of Ralph Rashleigh is a novel written by a convict named James Tucker in 1845 and published in 1929. The Adventures of Ralph Rashleigh, in general, tells about the convict named Ralph