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Fatih Gülşen – Serra Durugönül A Hygieia-Hypnos Statue from Anazarbos aus / from Archäologischer Anzeiger Ausgabe / Issue 2 • 2020 Umfang / Length § 1–16 https://doi.org/10.34780/aa.v0i2.1028• https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0048-aa.v0i2.1028.0 Zenon-ID: https://zenon.dainst.org/Record/002023403 Verantwortliche Redaktion / Publishing editor Redaktion der Zentralen Wissenschaftlichen Dienste | Deutsches Archäologisches Institut Weitere Informationen unter/ For further information see https://publications.dainst.org/journals/index.php/aa/about ISSN der Online-Ausgabe / ISSN of the online edition 2510-4713 ©2021 Deutsches Archäologisches Institut Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Zentrale, Podbielskiallee 69–71, 14195 Berlin, Tel: +49 30 187711-0 Email: [email protected] / Web: https://www.dainst.org Nutzungsbedingungen: Mit dem Herunterladen erkennen Sie die Nutzungsbedingungen (https://publications.dainst.org/terms-of-use) von iDAI.publications an. 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All materials including texts, articles, images and other content contained in this document are subject to the German copyright. The contents are for personal use only and may only be reproduced or made accessible to third parties if you have gained permission from the copyright owner. Any form of commercial use is expressly prohibited. When seeking the grant- ing of licenses of use or permission to reproduce any kind of material please contact the responsible editors of the publications or contact the Deutsches Archäolo- gisches Institut ([email protected]). ABSTRACT A Hygieia-Hypnos Statue from Anazarbos F. Fatih Gülşen – Serra Durugönül Anazarbos (Anavarza) was a city in ›Plain Cilicia‹, located in the modern-day village of Dilekkaya in the District of Kozan at the Province of Adana. Together with the two ›Large Herculaneum Women‹ type statues (A1 and A2), this Hygieia-Hypnos statue recovered during the archaeological excavations at Anazarbos stands out as one of the first large scale statues from this city. More importantly, the Hygieia-Hypnos statue was recovered during the first systematic and scientific archaeological exca- vations that took place in ›Plain Cilicia‹, which defines them as statues with a definite find spot. The Hygieia-Hypnos statue is covered in this article iconographically as well as stylistically. Based on stylistic characteristics, the statue is dated to the late second century A.D. Locally known also as Salus, Hygieia gained popularity in Rome around this time. The goddess Hygieia became the personification of medicine and gradually acquired a political meaning as she became frequently depicted to represent first the health of the Roman Empire (Salus Publica) and then of the emperor (Salus Augusti). The Anazarbos statue of Hygieia accompanied by Hypnos was found during excava- tions taking place in front of the Anazarbos monumental gateway which is thought to have been built after Lucius Verus’ victorious campaigns against the Parthians in A.D. 162 and 166. It would not be surprising to find the statue of a Roman emperor who carries significance for Anazarbos like Lucius Verus in one of the arch niches in future excavation work. Therefore, it could be concluded that the Hygieia statue was erected for Salus Augusti – that is the health of the emperor, the empire and Anazarbos itself. KEYWORDS Anazarbos, Hygieia-Hypnos statue, Roman period, monumental gate F. FATIH GÜLŞEN – SERRA DURUGÖNÜL A Hygieia-Hypnos Statue from Anazarbos Introduction 1 Anazarbos (Anavarza) lies 68 km northeast of Adana and 28 km south of the Kozan district within the borders of the modern village of Dilekkaya, some 8 km north of the convergence of the Sumbas stream and the Ceyhan river. This ancient city was located in the region of ›Cilicia Pedias‹ (Plain Cilicia) and took part in the centre of the Cilician road network. Recent studies reveal that the city stretched out over an area of 400 hectares1. 2 The first group of large-scale statues to have been recovered in the year 2017 during excavations at Anazarbos include a Hygieia-Hypnos statue, which is the subject of this paper, and two ›Large Herculaneum Women‹ type statues2. Their significance lies in that they are the first statues with a definite find spot, not only in Anazarbos but in the whole of ›Plain Cilicia‹3. 3 The marble statue of Hygieia-Hypnos was discovered lying in a prone position underneath a fill material of 1.50 m, 6 m northwest of the monumental gateway which opens to the north-south oriented and paved main street (cardo maximus) of Anazarbos (Fig. 1. 2). The north side of the gateway bears niches (Fig. 3) and as the measures of the Hygieia-Hypnos statue coincide with those of the niche at the northwest side and as the statue has a plain rear side it must have once stood in the niche unless it was relocated to the monumental gateway from elsewhere. The niche has a diameter of 43 cm, a height of 3.09 m and a width of 1.65 m; the console at the bottom of this niche on which a statue must have been placed is in situ and bears dowel holes: it protrudes 70 cm from the wall with a width of 1.84 m and a height of 55 cm4. Hygieia stands 1.34 m, the child on 1 The periodical excavations and surface surveys taking place since 2013 indicate that besides the 118-hectare 1st degree Archaeological Preservation Site and additional 2nd and 3rd degree Preservation Sites, the city stretched out much further than thought – over an area of more than 400 hectares with suburban neighbourhoods going as far as Ayşe Hoca Village. 2 There is a separate forthcoming article on these statues. 3 The exact find location for the sculptures exhibited at Adana Museum and those abroad are uncertain. They were mostly added to the museum collection through purchasing. 4 Kadıoğlu 2013, 241. 246–249 ff. 252. 256. 301 F. Fatih Gülşen – Serra Durugönül A Hygieia-Hypnos Statue from Anazarbos AA 2020/2, § 1–16 1 her side 55 cm without its plinth which measures 7.5 cm. The width of Hygieia together with Hypnos measures 73 cm; the dept 38 cm (Fig. 4. 5. 6). 4 Hygieia is dressed in a hima- tion over a chiton (Fig. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11). Her head is missing but the wavy locks of hair reach down to the chest level from over the shoulders. The figure’s weight rests on her left leg while her right leg is relaxed and bent from the knee; it is placed fur- ther back, creating a rightward bend in the body. Both arms extend forward from the elbow level; however, both arms are 2 broken below the elbows. Most probably, the statue once held a patera in her left Fig. 1: Aerial photograph showing hand and a snake with her right. In similar examples, Hygieia feeds the snake from the findspot of the Hygieia-Hypnos the patera. In this example too, the snake passes in front of the body from right to left, statue by photo post-processing reaching out towards the patera. The visible puntelli across, below and to the right of Fig. 2: Hygieia-Hypnos statue the waistline are the struts once connected to the body of the snake. Hygieia’s chiton found in prone position in front of is composed of thick and thin pleats which are stretched over the chest, revealing the the north side of the monumental gateway contours of the body. The thin belt is knotted immediately below the breasts. The chiton which falls over the feet from underneath the himation down to the plinth is composed 302 AA 2020/2, § 1–16 F. Fatih Gülşen – Serra Durugönül A Hygieia-Hypnos Statue from Anazarbos Fig. 3: Monumental gateway after 3 restoration in 2019 4 Fig. 4: Restitution of the north fassade of the Anazarbos monumental gate with the hypothetical addition of the Hygieia-Hypnos statue (scale 1 : 200) Fig. 5: 3D-model of the north fassade of the Anazarbos monumental gate with the hypothetical addition of the Hygieia-Hypnos statue 303 5 F. Fatih Gülşen – Serra Durugönül A Hygieia-Hypnos Statue from Anazarbos AA 2020/2, § 1–16 6 Fig 6: Hypothetical addition of the of soft flowing pleats which are as thick and rounded as those of the himation. The Hygieia-Hypnos statue in the niche himation is wrapped around the waist as a thick pad being knotted at the left side; here on the photo post-processed western part of the north side of it falls down with a thick swallow-tail motif and has an overfold in a triangular form the monumental gateway which is partially tasselled. The himation is tightly stretched over the right leg which is sharply bent to the back from the knee. A deep pleat is formed both on the interior and exterior of the knee and leg.