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This document is archival in nature and is intended Le présent document a une valeur archivistique et for those who wish to consult archival documents fait partie des documents d’archives rendus made available from the collection of Public Safety disponibles par Sécurité publique Canada à ceux Canada. qui souhaitent consulter ces documents issus de sa collection. Some of these documents are available in only one official language. Translation, to be provided Certains de ces documents ne sont disponibles by Public Safety Canada, is available upon que dans une langue officielle. Sécurité publique request. Canada fournira une traduction sur demande. The Investigation, Prosecution and Correctional Management of High-Risk Offenders: A National Guide December 2009 © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, 2010 Cat. No.: PS4-88/2010E-PDF ISBN: 978-1-100-16402-1 Printed in Canada Note (Online version): The National Guide has been designed for online publication and electronic distribution using a PDF format. Among other things, this format allows for the use of hyperlinks to help readers navigate to internal and external sources. The hyperlinks are identified by coloured text. The internal hyperlinks are links to sources within the document itself that are accessible anytime the document is being viewed on screen. The table of contents, list of displays and references of sections of the Criminal Code are internal links. Please note that readers can return to the page in document where the hyperlink they activated was located using the PDF reader’s “Previous View,” or by using the “ALT-Left Arrow” key combination. The external links, which are used for citations, websites, etc., are available only when the document is being viewed while the reader is online. Note (Print version): An electronic version of The Investigation, Prosecution and Correctional Management of High-Risk Offenders: A National Guide can be viewed and downloaded at the Public Safety Canada website. To obtain a copy, go to http://publicsafety.gc.ca and click on “Publications.” Public Safety Canada will update the electronic version of the Guide, as necessary, to take account of legislative reforms and emerging case law. In addition, from time to time, provincial and territorial authorities will be updating the contact and other information in Appendix A. Table of Contents Preface....................................................................................................... v 1 Introduction ....................................................................................... 1 1.1 Purpose ............................................................................................. 1 1.2 Background ....................................................................................... 1 1.2.1 The Original High-risk Offender Scheme ................................................ 2 1.2.2 The Current Scheme............................................................................... 2 1.2.3 Some Numbers ....................................................................................... 6 1.3 Highlights .......................................................................................... 7 1.3.1 Dangerous Offender Laws ...................................................................... 7 1.3.2 Long-term Offenders............................................................................ 10 1.3.3 Peace bonds ......................................................................................... 11 2 Dangerous Offender Designations..................................................... 14 2.1.1 What is a dangerous offender designation? ........................................ 14 2.1.2 What are the statutory criteria that define dangerousness?............... 14 2.1.3 How are potential dangerous offenders identified? ............................ 16 2.1.4 What is the prosecutor’s “duty to advise”? ......................................... 17 2.1.5 What role do police play in the dangerous offender process? ............ 19 2.1.6 What kind evidence can be used to support a dangerous offender application?.......................................................................................... 20 2.1.7 How is the dangerous offender process started? ................................ 21 2.1.8 Who does the assessment?.................................................................. 21 2.1.9 How long does it take to get the assessment?..................................... 22 2.1.10 What is involved in an assessment?..................................................... 22 2.1.11 Is either the prosecution or the court bound to accept the expert’s conclusions?......................................................................................... 24 2.1.12 What must happen before a dangerous offender application can be heard?.................................................................................................. 25 2.1.13 What must be done to obtain the consent of the Attorney General? . 25 2.1.14 When is the offender presumed to meet the dangerous offender criteria?................................................................................................ 26 2.1.15 What offences are “primary designated offences?” ............................ 26 2.1.16 What happens if the court is not satisfied that the offender meets the presumptive criteria?........................................................................... 27 2.1.17 What happens if the court is satisfied that the offender meets the presumptive criteria?........................................................................... 27 2.1.18 What does the prosecution have to prove at a regular dangerous offender hearing? ................................................................................ 28 2.1.19 Does the prosecution have to prove that current offence was especially serious?................................................................................................ 28 2.1.20 Does the court have the discretion to not make a dangerous offender designation?......................................................................................... 29 2.1.21 What sentence can the court impose on a dangerous offender?........ 30 2.1.22 What is long-term supervision?............................................................ 31 i 2.1.23 What factors are relevant to whether there is a reasonable expectation that a sentence other than indeterminate detention would adequately protect the public?............................................................................... 31 2.1.24 Who bears the onus of establishing that there is reasonable expectation that a lesser measure will adequately protect the public?.................. 34 2.1.25 What happens if an offender is not found to be dangerous offender?37 2.1.26 Are appellate remedies available in dangerous offender cases?......... 37 2.1.27 Where do dangerous offenders sentenced to indeterminate detention serve their sentences?......................................................................... 37 2.1.28 Where do dangerous offenders not sentenced to indeterminate terms serve their sentence?........................................................................... 38 2.1.29 Can dangerous offenders sentenced to indeterminate detention be released on parole? ............................................................................. 39 2.1.30 What happens if a dangerous offender on parole breaches the release conditions?........................................................................................... 40 2.1.31 What happens if a dangerous offender is convicted of a new offence?42 3 Long-term Offender Designation....................................................... 45 3.1.1 How are potential long-term offenders identified? ............................. 45 3.1.2 When can the prosecution launch the long-term offender process? .. 46 3.1.3 What are the most important steps in the beginning of long-term offender process? ................................................................................ 46 3.1.4 What criteria must be met to find that someone is a long-term offender? ............................................................................................................. 46 3.1.5 Does the long-term offender designation apply only to sexual offenders? ............................................................................................................. 47 3.1.6 What factors are relevant to determining whether there is a substantial risk to reoffend?................................................................................... 49 3.1.7 What factors are relevant to whether there is a reasonable possibility of eventual control of the risk in the community? .................................