Introduction to Policing PERCEPTIONS VERSUS REALITY Chernoh Wurie Virginia Commonwealth University SAN DIEGO Bassim Hamadeh, CEO and Publisher Mary Jane Peluso, Senior Specialist Acquisitions Editor Alisa Munoz, Project Editor Celeste Paed, Associate Production Editor Jess Estrella, Senior Graphic Designer Greg Isales, Licensing Associate Natalie Piccotti, Director of Marketing Kassie Graves, Vice President of Editorial Jamie Giganti, Director of Academic Publishing Copyright © 2020 by Cognella, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be re- printed, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information retrieval system without the written permission of Cognella, Inc. For inquiries regarding permissions, translations, foreign rights, audio rights, and any other forms of reproduc- tion, please contact the Cognella Licensing Department at [email protected]. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Cover image copyright© 2010 iStockphoto LP/Chris_Fisher. Printed in the United States of America. 3970 Sorrento Valley Blvd., Ste. 500, San Diego, CA 92121 Taking into consideration the various life-altering unfortunate events that have transpired between police and the community members they serve, as an advocate of social justice and change, I am dedicating this book to a twofold foundation. First, I am dedicating this book to those brave individuals that are currently serving as law enforcement officers in all levels and especially those that have lost their lives in the line of performing their sworn duties. Secondly, this book is dedicated to those citizens who have lost their lives due to the innumerable negative situations between law enforcement and community members. Regardless of the justification to use lethal force, each incident affected not only the individuals killed. Their families were affected, their entire livelihoods were affected, and in addition the officers involved were also affected. I proudly dedicate this book to all those involved in these situations that have transformed the face of law enforcement for generations to come. BRIEF CONTENTS Acknowledgments xvii CHAPTER 1 Policing History 1 CHAPTER 2 Perceptions of Policing (Then and Now) 19 CHAPTER 3 The Career of a Police Officer 47 CHAPTER 4 Law Enforcement Administration 83 CHAPTER 5 Police and Homeland Security 109 CHAPTER 6 Community Policing 135 CHAPTER 7 Police Personality and Police Culture 157 CHAPTER 8 Police Dishonesty and Police Deviance 179 CHAPTER 9 Police and Evolving Technology 197 CHAPTER 10 Legal Procedures and Professionalism in Policing 219 CHAP TER 11 Future Initiatives in Policing 233 About the Author 251 Index 253 vii DETAILED CONTENTS Acknowledgments xvii CHAPTER 1 Policing History 1 Exploring the Concept of “Policing” and Its Perceptions 2 Background and Evolution of American Policing 3 Key Players in the Evolution of American Policing 6 Henry Fielding 7 Sir John Fielding 7 Patrick Colquhoun 8 Sir Robert Peel 9 August Vollmer 10 O.W. Wilson 11 Alice Stebbins Wells and Lola Baldwin 12 Summary of American Policing Eras and Evolution 13 The Political Era 13 The Reform Era 14 The Community Era 15 Problem Solving 16 Community Partnership 16 Organizational Transformation 16 Chapter Summary 16 Discussion Questions 16 References 17 Figure Credits 18 CHAPTER 2 Perceptions of Policing (Then and Now) 19 Early Police Practices and Perceptions 20 Current Police Perceptions 21 viii Detailed Contents ix Race and Police Perceptions 22 Age and Gender Views on Policing 23 College Students’ Perceptions on Policing 24 The Media and Police Perceptions 26 Militarization of Policing? Reasoning? Is This Necessary? 29 Community and Policing 33 Officer/Community Leader Experiences 33 The Broken Trust: How Did This Happen? 34 Rebuilding the Trust Between the Community and the Police 36 Varying Recommendations Nationwide 40 Chapter Summary 43 Discussion Questions 44 References 44 Figure Credits 45 CHAPTER 3 The Career of a Police Officer 47 Considering the Police Career 48 Application Process 49 Selection Process 50 Academy Lifestyle 60 Field Training Process and Probation Period 62 Police and Diversity and Inclusion 63 Diversity and Inclusion in Recruiting 64 Diversity and Inclusion in Hiring 65 Hiring 66 Diversity and Inclusion in Retention 67 Retention 67 Police and Underrepresented Individuals 68 Police Officer Character Traits 72 Perceptions From Law Enforcement Executives 73 Perceptions From Line Officers 74 Psychological and Emotional Aspects of Law Enforcement 74 Police Career and Stress 75 Types of Stress Associated With This Career 76 Coping Mechanisms and Alternative Assistance for Officer Stress 77 Police Officer Involved in A Shooting 78 End of Watch: Officers Killed in the Line of Duty 79 Chapter Summary 80 x INTRODUCTION TO POLICING Perceptions Versus Reality Discussion Questions 80 References 81 Figure Credits 82 CHAPTER 4 Law Enforcement Administration 83 Levels of Policing 84 Local and Municipal, County Police, County Sheriff 86 State Police Agencies 87 Federal Law Enforcement Agencies 89 Park Rangers 92 Special: Transit, Colleges, Universities 92 Native American Tribal Police 93 Private Security Firms and Personnel 93 Rank Structure 94 Span of Control 95 Duties and Responsibilities 97 Leadership in Policing 99 Divisions and Bureaus Within a Police Agency 101 Office of the Chief 101 Criminal Investigations 101 Patrol Division 101 Support Services: Civilian Employees 104 Traffic Administration 105 Animal Control Bureau 105 Chapter Summary 106 Discussion Questions 106 References 106 Figure Credits 107 CHAPTER 5 Police and Homeland Security 109 Police and the Department of Homeland Security 111 Terrorism: Domestic and International 113 Human Trafficking 113 Emergency Response 114 History of 287(g) 115 Jail Enforcement Model 116 Detailed Contents xi Task Force Model 116 Hybrid Model 116 Local and State Enforcement/Partnership of 287(g) 117 Advantages of the 287(g) Policy Implementation 120 Disadvantages of the 287(g) Policy Implementation 121 Strategies for Combating Terrorism: Proactive and Reactive Methods 124 Joint Terrorism Task Force 126 Homeland Security Versus Citizens’ Civil Liberties 127 The U.S. Patriot Act 127 U.S. Patriot Act: Section 215 Explained 128 Further Discussion on Privacy and Racial Profiling 128 The U.S. Freedom Act 130 Chapter Summary 131 Discussion Questions 131 References 132 Credits 133 CHAPTER 6 Community Policing 135 Community Policing Definition 137 Types of Community Policing 138 Community Walks 139 Community-Police Council (CPC) 139 Community Service 139 Citizens’ Police Academies 140 Police Involving Parents 140 Education of the Community 140 Various Views on Community Policing 141 Problem-Oriented Policing (POP) 144 SARA: Scanning, Analysis, Response, and Assessment 146 Citizen Disenchantment 146 Rapid Response to Calls for Service and Preventive Patrol Versus Community Policing 147 Rapid Response 147 Calls for Service 148 Preventative Patrol 148 Does Problem-Oriented Policing Work? 149 Racial Profiling 150 Community Justice 151 Community Justice Operates at the Neighborhood Level 151 Community Justice is Problem Solving 151 xii INTRODUCTION TO POLICING Perceptions Versus Reality Community Justice Decentralizes Authority and Accountability 152 Community Justice Gives Priority to a Community’s Quality of Life 152 Community Justice Involves Citizens in the Justice Process 152 Chapter Summary 152 Discussion Questions 154 References 154 Figure Credits 155 CHAPTER 7 Police Personality and Police Culture 157 Understanding the Concept of the Police Subculture 158 Definition of Police Subculture 160 Examining the Historical and Current Aspects of the Police Subculture 162 The Law 163 Bureaucratic Control 163 Adventure/Machismo 163 Safety 164 Competence 164 Morality 164 Thin Blue Wall of Silence and the Police Code of Silence 165 Fair and Impartial Policing 169 Officers Killed in the Line of Duty 171 Coping Mechanisms and Coping With Stress 172 Police Suicides and Health Concerns 173 Organizational Stress 174 Critical Incident Trauma 174 Shift Work 174 Relationship Problems 175 Alcohol Use and Abuse 175 Health Concerns 175 Chapter Summary 176 Discussion Questions 177 References 177 Figure Credits 178 CHAPTER 8 Police Dishonesty and Police Deviance 179 Police Corruption 180 Definition of Police Corruption 181 Detailed Contents xiii Types of Police Corruption 181 Corruption of Authority 182 Kickbacks 183 Opportunistic Theft 183 Shakedowns 183 Protection of Illegal Activities 184 The Fix 184 Direct Criminal Activity 184 Internal Payoffs 185 Reporting Police Corruption 187 Reports and Complaints 187 The Investigation 187 Effects of Police Corruption 188 Examining Police Behavior 190 Universalistic Perspective 190 Particularistic Perspective 190 Exposing Police Deviance 191 The Wickersham Commission 191 The Knapp Commission 192 Combating Police Corruption 193 Creating a Policy to Combat Corruption 193 Promoting In-Service Training to Combat Corruption 193 Integrity Tests 194 Evaluations and Early Intervention Systems (EIS) 194 Internal Affairs Units/Internal Affairs Bureau 194 Rewarding Good Officers 194 A System-Wide Database to Deter Corruption 195 Chapter Summary 195 Discussion Questions 196 References 196 CHAPTER 9 Police