Count of oscillatory modes of quarks in baryons for 3 quark flavors u,d,s Peter Minkowski Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics - ITP, University of Bern Abstract The present notes prepare the counting of ’oscillatory modes of N fl = 3 light quarks’ , –u,d,s–,usingtheSU 2 N = 6 SO3 L broken symmetry classification , fl × extended to the harmonic oscillator symmetry of 3 paired oscillator modes . N fl L = n = 1 L n stands for the space rotation group generated by the sum of the 3 individual angular momenta of quarks in their c.m. system . The motivation arises from modeling the yields of hadrons in heavy ion collisions at RHIC and LHC , necessitating at the respective highest c.m. energies per nucleon pairs an increase of heavy hadron resonances relative to e.g. SPS energies , whence the included hadrons are treated as a noninteracting gas . Short account 06.07.2013 19.07.2013 −→ – p. 1 cont-1 List of contents 1 Introduction 5 1-1 Counting oscillatory modes using the circular oscillatory wave function basis 5 enforcing overall Bose symmetry under the combined permutations of SU6 ( fl spin ) barycentric coordinates × × 1-1-1 The barycentric 6 spatial oscillatory variables and their symmetries with respect 12 to the 3 quark positions in dimensionless universal variables 1-2 Aligningstatisticsbetweentheu,d,s SU6 ( fl spin ) group 14 × and oscillator modes in 6 barycentric configuration space variables 1-2-1 Modes of a pair of onedimensional oscillators – and the complex plane 14 1-3 Associating symmetric and antisymmetric representations 25 of SU6 ( fl spin ) × to oscillator mode wave functions in the circular pair-mode basis 1-3-1 Choosing a complex basis for transforming the basis 25 derived in ref. 1 , op.cit. [eq. 124] for the two-dimensional irreducible unitary representation of S 3 from 1 spacelike dimension 1-3-2 Extending 1 spatial dimension to 3 30 −→ – p. 2 cont-2 List of contents II 2 Counting 44 2-2 From oscillatory modes to counting of states 50 2-2-1 Using the circular pair-mode basis for oscillators and wave functions 50 3 Harmony of numbers in QCD 55 3-1 Associating the mixed 70-representationof SU6 ( fl spin ) 56 × to oscillator mode wave functions in the circular pair-mode basis – p. 3 Figures 1 List of figures Fig 1 The symmetric Young tableau for SU6 and rank R = 3 45 Fig 2 The mixed Young tableau for SU6 and rank R = 3 46 Fig 3 The antisymmetric Young tableau for SU6 and rank R = 3 47 −→ – p. 4 1-1 1 - Introduction This outline serves to initiate the actual counting of osillatory modes of light flavored u, d , s quarks inside baryons , based on material worked out between December 2012 and June 2013 , contained in ref. 1 – [1-2013] – which in turn constitutes a note-file to ref. 2 – [2-2013] . The introduction continues establishing the main ingredients resulting from ref. 1 – [1-2013] – in subsequent subsections 1-1 , ... 1-1 – Counting oscillatory modes using the circular oscillatory wave function basis enforcing overall Bose symmetry under the combined permutations of SU6 ( fl spin ) barycentric coordinates × × We begin recalling the definition of barycentric coordinates ( βαρυκǫντρικε´s συντǫταγµενǫ´ s ) in the c.m. system of three valence quarks among the light 3 quark flavors u, d, s . They appear first in ref. [1-2013] in section 2-4-1 , eq. (18) on page 2-18 [PDF page # 26] through eq. (28) on page 2-22 [PDF page # 30] . The definitions correspond to the usage in (classical) Hamiltonian mechanics and applied in my original paper [3-1980] . For N N c = 3 they take the form → 1 1 z 1 = ( x 1 x 2 ) , z 2 = ( x 1 + x 2 2 x 3 ) √2 √6 (1) − − 1 z 3 = ( x 1 + x 2 + x 3 ) = √3 X c.m. 0 √3 → Here we replace the symbol N by N c , reserving N for the main oscillatory quantum number as defined in the following (sub-)sections. In eq. 1 x ; k = 1, 2, 3 denote configuration space 3-vectors k −→ – p. 5 1-2 all this in the overall c.m. frame, wherein time is defined and denoted t . We recall from ref. [3-1980] that only 2 out of the three barycentric three-vector variables as well as their conjugate momenta, i.e. (2) z 1 , z 2 π 1 , π 2 ←→ exhibit oscillatory ( confined ) motion , wheres the c.m. related position and conjugate momentum are left in free motion . Thus the universal , i.e. N c independent oscillatory frequency appears in the form 2 of the induced operator in the N c ( = 3 here ) dependent combination M 2 N c 1 2 1 2 2 = − K π + ( K ) − Λ z M ν=1 N c ν N c ν 3 (3) K =N c / ( N c 1) = here N c − 2 1 π µ = i ∂ z µ ; µ = 1, 2 1 (4) z µ = λ z µ π µ = λ π µ ; µ = 1, 2 ←→ − under which 2 in eq. 3 becomes M 2 2 K N c λ Λ 2 N c 1 2 2 (5) = − π + z M ν=1 ν ν 2 λ K N c −→ – p. 6 1-3 The quantity λ of dimension length , introduced in eqs. 4 and 5 , is to be chosen such that 2 2 2 K N c λ Λ K N c K N c (6) = λ 4 = λ 2 = → → 2 λ K N c Λ Λ whereupon 2 in eqs. 3 , 5 assumes the reduced universal form M 2 N c 1 2 2 = Λ − π + z M ν=1 ν ν K N c 1 2 (7) z µ = λ z µ π µ = λ π µ ; µ = 1, 2 ; λ = ←→ − Λ i π µ = ∂ z µ ; µ = 1, 2 : 4 three vectors with dimensionless components z µ ←→ The universal oscillator vector-variables derive from the relation on the last line in eq. 7 −→ – p. 7 1-4 1 1 a = i π + z ; a † = i π + z µ k √2 µ k µ k µ k √2 µ k µ k (8) − µ = 1, 2 ; k = 1, 2, 3 which in turn yields the relativistic structure of the oscillatory 2 operator , substituting in eqs. 3 , 5 M and 7 ′ 2 ν=2 ,k=3 1 (9) = (2Λ) a † a + ; 2Λ = 1 /α M ν=1, k=1 ν k ν k 2 The contribution of the zero mode oscillations , 1 for each dimension of configuration space ( = 3 ) is 2 inherent to the classical limiting form of oscillatory motion , and is accompanied in the sense of a long range approximation ( especially given finite quark masses ) by a constant correction .The latter remains non zero also in the limit of vanishing quark masses , as discussed in ref. [3-1980] . ′ In eq. 9 1 /α denotes the inverse of the Regge slope . −→ – p. 8 1-5 If we determine it from the positive parity Λ trajectory from the present PDG tables [4-2012] P 1 + 5 + 9 + Λ , J : 2 2 2 M j : 1.115683 1.820 2.350 (10) 2 M j : 1.2447485 3.3124 5.5225 1 2 2 ∆ M : 1.034 1.105 and average the two half mass square difference entries in the last line of eq. 10 with weights two to one we obtain ′ (11) 1 /α = 1 M 2 M 2 + 1 M 2 M 2 1.06 GeV 2 3 2 − 1 6 3 − 2 ∼ 9 + I remark that in ref. [4-2012] Λ 2 has only three stars , and furthermore the trajectory contains only three entries , whereas I think to remember that it contained four sometimes back a. 13 + Λ 2 would extrapolate to 2.755 GeV using eq. 11 . −→ a ”Tempora mutantur nos et mutamur in illis .” – p. 9 1-6 From eqs. 6 and 11 we find 3 1 √ ′ 2 λ = GeV − α 1.06 GeV 1.06 1 ′ 2 = 1.682 GeV − √ α 1.06 GeV (12) ′ = 0.322 fm √ α 1.06 GeV 2 1 ′ 1 2 − 2 λ − = 0.594 GeV α 1.06 GeV ′ √ α 1.06 GeV 2 = 1 5% ± The circular oscillatory wave function basis arises from the complex coordinates , derived from eq. 6 . We repeat first the linear oscillatory wave function basis , defined in subsection 3-1-3b in ref. 1 – [1-2013], page 3-11-7 [PDF page # 52] . −→ – p. 10 1-7 The scalar product in general barycentric coordinates with dimension length becomes 6 3 3 3 λ Π i=1 d ξ i δ ξ 3 Ψ (2) Ψ (1) = × Ψ (2) ( x , , x , x )Ψ (1) ( x , x , x ) ∗ 1 2 3 1 2 3 × (13) 1 1 ξ = ( x 1 x 2 ) , ξ = ( x 1 + x 2 2 x 3 ) 1 √2 − 2 √6 − 1 ξ = ( x 1 + x 2 + x 3 ) = √3 X c.m. 0 3 √3 → 1 3 z j = λ z j , x j = λ x j ; j = 1, 2, 3 ; X c.m. = λ X c.m. = 3 i=1 x i In order to eliminate the scale factor λ we redefine the wave functions Ψ (1) , (2) in eq. 13 (14) ψ (1) , (2) = λ 3 Ψ (1) , (2) Using the dimensionless wave functions (1) , (2) (15) ψ ( x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ) defined in eq. 15 the scalar product ( eq. 13 ) becomes −→ – p. 11 1-8 3 3 3 Π i=1 d ξ i δ ξ 3 (16) ψ (2) ψ (1) = × ψ (2) ( x , , x , x ) ψ (1) ( x , x , x ) ∗ 1 2 3 1 2 3 × 1-1-1 - The barycentric 6 spatial oscillatory variables and their symmetries with respect to the 3 quark positions in dimensionless universal variables The central properies under the 3 quark position permutation group S 3 can perfectly be discussed according to the dimensionless variables x i ; i = 1, 2, 3 1 2 3 x 1 x 2 x 3 (17) π −→ i 1 i 2 i 3 x i 1 x i 2 x i 3 To this end we invert the linear relations in eq.