Swiss Archives Downloaded from http://meridian.allenpress.com/american-archivist/article-pdf/37/4/565/2745938/aarc_37_4_284t21764j22811l.pdf by guest on 27 September 2021 ULRICH HELFENSTEIN THE POPULATION OF SWITZERLAND, which, according to the last census, numbers around six million, lives on an area of little more than 40,000 square kilometers (about 15,950 square miles). With respect to poli- tics, culture, and economics, a rich and varied life pulses through this small country; and the same goes for the Swiss archives, which surprise the outsider by their bewildering complexity. Only as one recalls the main historical developments in the nation will the various facets form an understandable whole. The basis for the independence of the Swiss state was the Eternal Alliance signed in 1291 by the so-called drei Waldstatte [Three forest cantons], Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden. By 1353 they had become an eight-canton confederation through the addition of Lucerne, Zurich, Zug, Glarus, and Bern. In 1481 Fribourg and Solothurn followed as new members of the confederation; in 1501 Basel and Schaffhausen; and in 1513 Appenzell closed the circle of the thirteen cantons. At approximately the same time Switzerland lost the position as a great power it had acquired forty years before. With the successful struggle against the Habsburgs and Charles the Bold of Burgundy, the confed- erates had proved their military strength; but for further expansion the unified political will was lacking. The possibility of developing it was soon prevented by the Reformation, which separated the cantons into two different camps, the new and the old faith, but failed to sever the union completely. The Federation remained basically unchanged until about the end of the eighteenth century—a complicated mass of alliances between au- tonomous peasant republics and city states which were loosely affiliated with some "like-minded" territories {Zugewandte Orte) and which gov- erned together various areas, some of them French and Italian speaking. Actually, the Confederation had left the German Empire after the Swabian War (1499), but only after the Westphalian Peace (1648) was the departure formally recognized. The Swiss Confedera- tion succeeded in staying clear of the strifes of its neighbors, and not until 1798, in the wake of the French Revolution, did a complete reorganization take place. The author is Director of the Archives of the Canton of Zurich. His institution hosted the Society of American Archivists study tour in August 1973. His article was translated by Ellie Weilenmann. 566 THE AMERICAN ARCHIVIST ~ OCTOBER 1974 The unified state of the Republic of Helvetia, established under pressure from France, survived in this extreme form for only five years. As early as 1803, with the mediation constitution given by Napoleon, Switzerland returned to a moderate form of federalism Downloaded from http://meridian.allenpress.com/american-archivist/article-pdf/37/4/565/2745938/aarc_37_4_284t21764j22811l.pdf by guest on 27 September 2021 which was more compatible with its traditions. But even when after 1815 there followed a closer approximation of the "Ancien regime," the signs of change could not be obliterated completely. Through the liberation of former vassal territories and the final joining of hereto- fore "like-minded" states, the cantons multiplied until there were twenty-two, which is their number today. At first they formed a rather loose league; but after further decades, old conflicting interests were finally overcome. The Sonderbundskrieg of 1847—-which was not only the last Swiss civil war but fortunately also the very last war of any kind for Switzerland—opened the door for the Swiss Federal State. The new constitution of 1848 left a great measure of sovereignty to the cantons and gave the federal government, particularly in cultural matters, only very modest powers. The development up to now, despite the natural tendency toward strengthening of federal power, has so far changed very little in this respect; especially in regulating and administering their archives, the cantons still have the final say. Accordingly, the federal government has authority over only the Federal Archives in Bern, which contain the documents of the Helve- tian Republic (1798-1803), and those of the federal government since 1848. All older records—even those of common interest for the whole federation—remain in the twenty-five government archives of the individual cantons.1 There is no federal law that interferes with the administration of these archives or demands the transfer of cantonal archives to the Federal Archives. In the same manner in which the cantons jealously guard their sovereignty in this respect, so they, in turn, respect the autonomy of the approximately three thousand com- munities of the country. As a rule these communities do not give up any of their records either, but administer them independently; usually the supervision carried out by the cantonal archives is predominantly of an advisory nature. It goes wholly without saying that state courts—be it those of confed- eration, of canton, or of community—do not interfere with the affairs of private archives. The records of families, associations and clubs, businesses, parties and unions, and the like, are free from any kind of government control; and, similarly, the archives of all still existing and flourishing religious institutions (bishoprics, monasteries, and cloisters) have their individual and independent administrations. The consistent structure from the bottom up and the abstention from all unnecessary centralization prevents a great deal of red tape and results generally in the problems of the archives being handled 1 Three of the twenty-two cantons—Unterwalden, Appenzell, and Basel—are divided into two half-cantons, each of which has its own state archives. SWISS ARCHIVES 567 predominantly by people who are close to the subject matter and therefore most capable of coping properly. Furthermore, the ar- chivist will appreciate one other advantage which is of no little impor- tance in this connection, and that is the fact that the historically evolved Downloaded from http://meridian.allenpress.com/american-archivist/article-pdf/37/4/565/2745938/aarc_37_4_284t21764j22811l.pdf by guest on 27 September 2021 conditions have remained largely untouched. The records of the individual archives usually reflect quite faithfully the past of the bodies which supported them and the offices from which they developed. There are only isolated incidents in which the otherwise unbroken continuity of tradition in Swiss archives was disrupted by catastrophes with an ensuing loss of records. The fire in the Urner community of Altdorf in 1799 is such an example. Let us examine one case: the state archives of Canton Zurich contain as rootstock all documents, records, minutes and registers, invoices, plans, and other official papers of the City-State Zurich from its beginnings in the early thirteenth century to its collapse in 1798. In addition are the archives of all monasteries and cloisters under the Zurich jurisdiction, which were secularized during and after the Re- formation, with records that go back as far as the middle of the ninth century. Of exceptional historical value also are the records of the Zurich Protestant State Church. Heinrich Bullinger, outstanding suc- cessor of the reformer Ulrich Zwingli, had an immense correspondence with members of the Protestant faith in all European countries; even later, Zurich's place in the reform world could be compared to that of Calvin's Geneva. Within the Swiss Confederation and in the political field, Zurich played an important role, and correspondence with foreign powers, in great part, came to the Zurich offices. Such re- cords make the Zurich archives a focal point of research into Swiss history. At the same time, one must by no means neglect Lucerne, for example, as the main power of the Roman Catholic segment of the federation, or the powerful Bern with the weight of its extensive holdings of estates. And even former vassal territories like the present cantons of Aargau and Thurgau keep in their cantonal archives central parts of the federal past, because inside their boundaries, in Baden and Frauenfeld, the "Tagsatzungen" used to convene and the representa- tives of the confederates discussed current affairs of general interest. When in 1798 the city of Zurich, having been required to liberate its vassal territory, joined (as the largest community, but in principle without any special prerogatives) the ranks of the approximately 170 communities which presently make up the canton, there was fortu- nately no long argument about the older records between the newly appointed cantonal authorities and the city council. While in other Swiss city-cantons a time-consuming separation of records sometimes took place, which in the end held no real satisfaction for either side, in Zurich the canton took over the archives of the old city-state almost completely intact. The canton has been increasing them since then through continuous transfers of records from its agencies, whereas the young City Archives receives its materials from municipal departments 568 THE AMERICAN ARCHIVIST ~ OCTOBER 1974 and offices. In Zurich and also in various other Swiss archives during the nineteenth century, stocks of records developed which find impor- tant consideration in modern research. A contributing factor in the growth of these records is that Switzerland gave asylum in the past