THE LIFE AND TEACHING OF WILLIAM SHARPEY (1802-1880) 'FATHER OF MODERN PHYSIOLOGY' IN BRITAIN by D. W. TAYLOR PART I I. INTRODUCTION THE TITLE-PHRASE was used by E. A. Schifer,1 one of Sharpey's latest and most distinguished pupils, who throughout his life acknowledged his debt to his old teacher and who eventually added the name of Sharpey to his own.2 Such a phrase may be historically suspect but it represents an opinion subscribed to by many others, not only his pupils and colleagues. Burdon Sanderson, who succeeded him, wrote: 'If I, or any of the men I have mentioned, were asked to what circumstances the un- questionable productiveness of the University College School in scientific men is due, all would I think unhesitatingly attribute it to the influence of one man, Dr. Sharpey.'3 Much later, A. V. Hill said of him: 'by Sharpey's example, other medical schools were encouraged to start proper laboratories and adequate instruction in Physiology . to his fine judgement of men and to his power of inspiring them to original work, the present high position of British Physiology is due . .'.4 The British Medical Journal in its obituary notice, stated that 'for years he was the greatest teacher of anatomy and physiology in the country, occupying a position here equal to that held by Johannes Miiller in Germany.'" In his History of the Physiological Society, Schiifer (by then, Sir Edward Sharpey-Schafer) wrote that during a period when other experimental sciences were rapidly progressing, Physiology in this country could show no names worthy to be mentioned with those of Magendie, Bernard, MUller, Helmholtz or Ludwig.... In one place only-University College London-was a lamp kept burnig; the lamp was that of William Sharpey..... He was a great teacher: all his pupils have testified to this.... He had a gentle nature, a genial disposition and sound judgment. He was devoted to the interests of the institutions with which he was connected, especially University College and the Royal Society. He spared no pains to promote the advancement of Physiology.... He knew and was known to everybody in the world of science and medicine. Wise in council, he exercised a very considerable influence on medical education, and was uni- versally esteemed by members of the profession.' E. A. Schafer, 'Reminiscences of Professors. William Sharpey', Univ. Coll. Gaz., 1902, 3, 238-39. "I did this partly on Jack's account [his son John Sharpey Schifer, was killed in the 1st World War], partly because it was the name of my old teacher and master in Physiology-the best friend I ever had.' Sir Edward Sharpey-Schafer, Private diaries (1918). MS in Sharpey-SchiLfer papers in the Library of the Wellcome Institute of the History of Medicine. ' J. Burdon Sanderson, draft of address to Royal Medical Society of Edinburgh. MS in Burdon Sanderson papers in the Library of University College London. 4 A. V. Hill, University College London Trust Funds Book, in the College Archives. ' Brit. med. J., 1880, i, 606. Sir Edward Sharpey-Schifer, F.R.S., History of the Physiological Society during its First Fifty Years 1876-1926, Cambridge University Press, 1927, pp. 1-2 and 17-18. 126 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.33.22, on 24 Sep 2021 at 21:25:57, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025727300016355 The Life and Teaching of Willian Sharpey (1802-1880) Maaendie , Bernard 1783-1855 1813-1878 Kuhne Starling 1837-1900 1866-1927 Liebig 1803 *Brucke 1873 1819-1892 Kastner 4Helmholtz 1783-1857 J.Muller 1821-1894 -1801 Carus 1858 Du Bois- Reymond 1789-1869- 1818-1896 Tiedemann Schwann 1781-1861 - 1810-1882 _Gaskell Rudolphi Henle 1847-1914 1771-1832 - 1809-1885 Bowditch .Virchow 1840-1911 1821-1902 Pavloy Ludwig +1849-1936 1816-1895 Sanderson Oxford )ey '1828-1905 - - Schafer ___ London & Edinburgh Pannizza_ Wm. SharpBey- 1785-1867 -1802-18B0 1850-1935 t Lister The Edinburgh School *1827-1912 t Foster _ Cambridge 41836-1907 Cullen Monro 11 1710-1790 1733-1817 Newell Martin Baltimore 1848-1896~ Monro I Boerhaave 1697-1767 1668-1738 Haller 1708-1777 Diagram to show the more important 'master-pupil' relationships in nineteenth-century physiology, and Sharpey's position therein. (NJB. Burdon Sanderson was a close colleague, but never a pupil stricto sensu of Sharpey). 127 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.33.22, on 24 Sep 2021 at 21:25:57, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025727300016355 D. W. Taylor Nevertheless, despite such ample testimony to his many great qualities and immense influence, there appears to be no extended study of Sharpey. The outlines are to be found in the obituary notice in the Proceedings of the Royal Society,7 unsigned, but written in fact by his erstwhile colleague and continuing friend, Allen Thomson;8 in the article in the Dictionary ofNational Biography written by D'Arcy Power, who in his youth knew Sharpey as an old man;9 and in Sharpey- Schiafer's History of the Physiological Society. William Sharpey was born, at Arbroath, on 1 April 1802, the posthumous son of Henry Sharpy [sic] 10 a shipowner from Folkestone, who had moved to Arbroath, and of his wife, Mary Balfour, who later married again to become the wife of Dr. William Arrot, ofArbroath.11 Sharpey was educated at Arbroath and at the University of Edinburgh which he entered in 1817, spending one year in the Faculty of Arts studying Greek and Natural Philosophy, before transferring to Medicine. In 1821 he obtained the diploma of the Royal College of Surgeons in Edinburgh. In 1823 he graduated M.D.(Edin.) and in 1830, became F.R.C.S.E. From 1831-36 he taught Anatomy extramurally in Edinburgh. In 1836 he was appointed to the Chair of Anatomy and Physiology in University College London, from which he retired in 1874. Sharpey became a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1834, and in 7 Obituary notice, Proc. Roy. Soc., 1880, 31, xi-xix. 8 This is clear from a note in the hand of E. A. S. in the Sharpey-Schafer papers. For Allen Thomson (1809-1884), biologist, see Dictionary of National Biography. 9 Mr. C. R. Rudolf, the present Secretary of the Hunterian Society informs me that D'Arcy Power told him of how finding Sharpey 'half starved and living alone and forlorn in some attic' he was the means, with the assistance of a few friends, of enabling him to end his days in comfort. Sharpey was in fact awarded a pension of £150 p.a. by the Gladstone administration in 1874. (Brit. med. J., 1874, 1, 354). He left his library to University College, and by his will, dated 12 August 1878 he left £800 Great Indian Peninsular Railway Stock to add to the Sharpey Scholarship Fund, the trust for which had been accepted by the Council on 1 July, 1871, and the object of which was to be 'the promotion of Biological Science', more especially 'by the encouragement of the practical study of Physiology in the College.' (University College London Trust Funds Book). 10 The name Sharpy, or Sharpey, appears to be very uncommon. There exists, however, in the British Museum a pedigree of the family at Sharpeith, written in the seventeenth century. (Pedigrees and Arms of Kentish Families, B.M. MS 5509) and the name may have been formerly less rare, at least in Kent. Sharpey himself died unmarried, and no near relation survived him long. None bore his name. 11 Genealogical information from tombstone in Arbroath Abbey churchyard re-erected by W. S. in 1873, and from Eminent Arbroathians; being sketches historical, genealogical and biographical 1178-1893, by J. M. McBain F.S.A.(Scot.), Arbroath, Brodie & Salmond, 1897. (1) (2) Henry Sharpey [sic] = Mary Balfour = William Arrot d.21/10/01 aet 44 d.1/5/36 aet 62 d. 1862 aet 88 Eliz. = Wm. Colville Isabella Harry David William (1797-1851) (1799-1861) (1799-1805) (1800-08) (1802-1880) Miss Colville Wm. = ? Carey d. 1878 d.? (Sister d. 1924) Wm. Henry James, M.D. David, M.D. Alexr. Mary Jacobina d.1883 s.p. d.1876 s.p. 128 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.33.22, on 24 Sep 2021 at 21:25:57, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025727300016355 The Life and Teaching of William Sharpey (1802-1880) 1839 was elected to the Fellowship of the Royal Society. He served on its Council, and was Secretary from 1853-72. He was at various times a member of many other official and learned bodies; in particular he was for fifteen years a Crown appointee on the General Medical Council. As a young man, Sharpey travelled extensively on the continent of Europe. He spent nearly a year, from 1821-22, in Paris, studying under Dupuytren and Lisfranc, and went there for a further year after his graduation in 1823. From 1824-6 he was in practice with his stepfather in Arbroath, but, having only then, according to the Royal Society obituary notice, 'finally resolved not to embark in medical practice, but to devote himself to anatomical and physiological studies, for which he had long had a predilection',12 he set out on a much more extensive European pilgrimage and spent two years, from the autumn of 1827 to 1829, successively in Italy, in Austria and in Berlin.