Michigan Technological University Digital Commons @ Michigan Tech Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports - Open Reports 2014 QUANTUM CORRELATIONS OF LIGHTS IN MACROSCOPIC ENVIRONMENTS Yong Meng Sua Michigan Technological University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds Part of the Optics Commons, and the Quantum Physics Commons Copyright 2014 Yong Meng Sua Recommended Citation Sua, Yong Meng, "QUANTUM CORRELATIONS OF LIGHTS IN MACROSCOPIC ENVIRONMENTS", Dissertation, Michigan Technological University, 2014. https://doi.org/10.37099/mtu.dc.etds/769 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds Part of the Optics Commons, and the Quantum Physics Commons QUANTUM CORRELATIONS OF LIGHTS IN MACROSCOPIC ENVIRONMENTS By Yong Meng Sua A DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In Engineering Physics MICHIGAN TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY 2014 © 2014 Yong Meng Sua This dissertation has been approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Engineering Physics Department of Physics Dissertation Co-Advisor: Dr. Kim Fook Lee Dissertation Co-Advisor: Dr. Jacek Borysow Committee Member: Dr. Miguel Levy Committee Member: Dr. Ranjit Pati Committee Member: Dr. Durdu Gurney Department Chair: Dr. Ravindra Pandey To My Beloved Parents Table of Contents List of Figures ............................................................................................................. x List of Tables ............................................................................................................ xiv Preface ....................................................................................................................... xv Acknowledgement ................................................................................................. xviii Abstract ..................................................................................................................... xx 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Overview ............................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Background and Motivations .............................................................................. 1 1.3 Macroscopic Environments ................................................................................ 6 1.4 Quantum Superposition and Entanglement ........................................................ 7 1.5 Dissertation Organization ................................................................................. 11 2. Macroscopic Mechanical Correlations of Two Mirrors ................................... 13 2.1 Overview ........................................................................................................... 13 2.2 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 15 2.3 Wigner Function ............................................................................................... 16 2.4 Single Photons Spatial Compass State .............................................................. 19 2.5 Propensity ......................................................................................................... 27 2.6 Discrete Propensity .......................................................................................... 37 2.7 Discussion ......................................................................................................... 39 3. Intrinsic Quantum Correlation of Weak Coherent States ............................... 43 3.1 Overview ........................................................................................................... 43 3.2 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 44 3.3 Weak Coherent States Bipartite Correlations ................................................... 46 3.3.1 Correlation Function 2 ....................................... 49 3.3.2 Correlation Function 2 .......................................... 54 3.3.1 Correlation Function 2 ....................................... 56 3.3.1 Correlation Function 2 .......................................... 58 3.4 Detection Apparatus ......................................................................................... 60 vii 3.4.1 Photodetectors and Transimpedance Amplifier .................................... 60 3.4.2 Oscilloscope and Spectrum Analyzer .................................................... 62 3.4.3 Lock-in Amplifier .................................................................................. 62 3.5 Balanced Homodyne Detection ....................................................................... 63 3.6 Results ............................................................................................................... 66 3.6.1 Weak Coherent States Interference and Correlations ............................ 66 3.6.2 Weak Coherent States Bipartite Correlations (CSBC) .......................... 70 3.6.3 Bit correlations measurement ................................................................ 72 3.7 Discussions ....................................................................................................... 75 4. Intrinsic Quantum Correlation of Weak Coherent States................................ 79 4.1 Overview ........................................................................................................... 79 4.2 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 81 4.2.1 Heralded Single Photon Source ............................................................. 81 4.2.2 Entangled Photon Source....................................................................... 82 4.2.3 Fiber based Correlated and Entangled Photon Source .......................... 83 4.3 Spontaneous Four-wave Mixing ....................................................................... 85 4.4 Spontaneous Raman Scattering ......................................................................... 90 4.5 Detection Apparatus .......................................................................................... 92 4.5.1 Single Photons Detection ...................................................................... 92 4.5.2 Coincidence Detection ........................................................................... 94 4.6 Experiment Setup .............................................................................................. 97 4.7 Results ............................................................................................................. 102 4.7.1 Single Photons Count .......................................................................... 102 4.7.2 Characterization of Correlated Photon Source .................................... 105 4.7.3 Characterization of Entangled Photon Source ..................................... 109 4.8 Discussions ..................................................................................................... 112 5. Photon pairs Propagate Through Multiple Scattering Media........................ 117 5.1 Overview ......................................................................................................... 117 5.2 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 119 viii 5.3 Evolution of Annihilation Operator ................................................................ 121 5.4 Joint Probability of Two-photon Detection ................................................... 125 5.4.1 Polarization-correlated Photon Pair ..................................................... 125 5.4.2 Polarization-correlated Photon Pair ..................................................... 127 5.5 Multiple Scattering Random Media ................................................................ 129 5.6 Experiment Setup ............................................................................................ 131 5.7 Results ............................................................................................................. 133 5.7.1 Standard Loss ...................................................................................... 133 5.7.2 Multiple Scattering Random Media .................................................... 137 5.7.3 Influence of Raman photons in Fiber Source ...................................... 141 5.8 Discussions ..................................................................................................... 143 6. Summary and Outlook ...................................................................................... 147 Reference list ........................................................................................................... 154 Appendix A ............................................................................................................. 163 Appendix B .............................................................................................................. 166 Appendix C ............................................................................................................. 172 Appendix D ............................................................................................................